Adverbial phraseIn linguistics, an adverbial phrase ("AdvP") is a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and sentences. Adverbial phrases can be divided into two types: complement adverbs and modifier adverbs. For example, in the sentence She sang very well, the expression very well is an adverbial phrase, as it modifies the verb to sing.
SubstantivationLa substantivation ou nominalisation consiste à transformer en substantif un mot qui n'appartient pas originellement à cette catégorie, notamment un adjectif ou un verbe (principalement à l'infinitif). Selon l'Académie française, tous les infinitifs ne peuvent pas être substantivés, contrairement au latin ou au grec. . Dans le cas de la substantivation d'un adjectif, le sens du nom commun est proche de l'adjectif dont il dérive. Des cas de substantivation peuvent se produire même lorsqu'un substantif préexiste.
Grammaire japonaiseLa grammaire japonaise est de type agglutinant, avec un alignement nominatif-accusatif, et dont l'ordre des constituants est dépendant-tête et SOV (sujet-objet-verbe). Le marquage des relations entre constituants se fait sur les dépendants, et les rôles syntaxiques des noms dans la phrase sont marqués par des particules s'attachant après eux. Il n'y a pas d'accord en genre, en nombre ou en personne. En japonais, le prédicat (constitué par un verbe, un adjectif ou la copule) est placé à la fin de la phrase et tous les autres termes avant.
Nominal (linguistics)In linguistics, the term nominal refers to a category used to group together nouns and adjectives based on shared properties. The motivation for nominal grouping is that in many languages nouns and adjectives share a number of morphological and syntactic properties. The systems used in such languages to show agreement can be classified broadly as gender systems, noun class systems or case marking, classifier systems, and mixed systems. Typically an affix related to the noun appears attached to the other parts of speech within a sentence to create agreement.
Branching (linguistics)In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written or transcribed from left to right, parse trees that grow down and to the right are right-branching, and parse trees that grow down and to the left are left-branching. The direction of branching reflects the position of heads in phrases, and in this regard, right-branching structures are head-initial, whereas left-branching structures are head-final.
Dummy pronounA dummy pronoun is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. As such, it is an example of exophora. Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English. Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns.
Preposition strandingHistorically, grammarians have described preposition stranding or p-stranding as the syntactic construction in which a so-called stranded, hanging or dangling preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its corresponding object; for example, at the end of a sentence. The term preposition stranding was coined in 1964, predated by stranded preposition in 1949. Linguists had previously identified such a construction as a sentence-terminal preposition or as a preposition at the end.
CoverbA coverb is a word or prefix that resembles a verb or co-operates with a verb. In languages that have the serial verb construction, coverbs are a type of word that shares features of verbs and prepositions. A coverb takes an object or complement and forms a phrase that appears in sequence with another verb phrase in accordance with the serial construction. A coverb appears to be subordinate to a main verb and fulfills a function similar to that of a preposition.
Balancing and derankingIn linguistics, balancing and deranking are terms used to describe the form of verbs used in various types of subordinate clauses and also sometimes in co-ordinate constructions. A verb form is said to be balanced if it is identical to forms used in independent declarative clauses A subordinate verb form is said to be deranked if it cannot be used in independent declarative clauses Verb forms that occur in subordinate clauses of various languages that cannot occur in independent clauses are of various types, but there do exist some typical patterns that differentiate these forms from main-clause verb forms in the same language.
TélicitéEn linguistique, la télicité (du grec , la fin) est la propriété d’un verbe ou d’un syntagme verbal qui présente une action ou un événement comme menés à leur terme en un sens ou un autre. Un verbe ou syntagme verbal possédant cette propriété est dit télique, alors que s’il présente l’action ou l’événement comme non achevés il est dit atélique. Une manière habituelle d’estimer si un syntagme verbal est télique est de vérifier si on peut lui appliquer une expression telle que en une heure (décrite comme un adverbial de délimitation temporelle).
