Concept
Type system
Concepts associés (57)
Covariance and contravariance (computer science)
Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type is a subtype of , then an expression of type should be substitutable wherever an expression of type is used. Variance is how subtyping between more complex types relates to subtyping between their components. For example, how should a list of s relate to a list of s? Or how should a function that returns relate to a function that returns ? Depending on the variance of the type constructor, the subtyping relation of the simple types may be either preserved, reversed, or ignored for the respective complex types.
Kind (type theory)
In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a kind is the type of a type constructor or, less commonly, the type of a higher-order type operator. A kind system is essentially a simply typed lambda calculus "one level up", endowed with a primitive type, denoted and called "type", which is the kind of any data type which does not need any type parameters. A kind is sometimes confusingly described as the "type of a (data) type", but it is actually more of an arity specifier.
Principe de substitution de Liskov
vignette|Barbara Liskov en 2010 Le principe de substitution de Liskov (LSP) est, en programmation orientée objet, une définition particulière de la notion de sous-type. Il a été formulé par Barbara Liskov et Jeannette Wing dans un article intitulé Family Values: A Behavioral Notion of Subtyping : Liskov et Wing en ont proposé la formulation condensée suivante : Si est une propriété démontrable pour tout objet de type , alors est vraie pour tout objet de type tel que est un sous-type de .
Ad hoc polymorphism
In programming languages, ad hoc polymorphism is a kind of polymorphism in which polymorphic functions can be applied to arguments of different types, because a polymorphic function can denote a number of distinct and potentially heterogeneous implementations depending on the type of argument(s) to which it is applied. When applied to object-oriented or procedural concepts, it is also known as function overloading or operator overloading.
Métaclasse
En programmation, une métaclasse est une classe dont les instances sont des classes. Autrement dit, une métaclasse est la classe d'une classe. En programmation orientée objet, une classe est une sorte de module qui permet de créer un sous-ensemble d'objets. La classe décrit comment se comportent ses objets, fournit leur interface et compose la structure de leur état. La classe permet de créer de nouveaux objets au moyen d'un mécanisme appelé instanciation.
Late binding
In computing, late binding or dynamic linkage—though not an identical process to dynamically linking imported code libraries—is a computer programming mechanism in which the method being called upon an object, or the function being called with arguments, is looked up by name at runtime. In other words, a name is associated with a particular operation or object at runtime, rather than during compilation. The name dynamic binding is sometimes used, but is more commonly used to refer to dynamic scope.
Substructural type system
Substructural type systems are a family of type systems analogous to substructural logics where one or more of the structural rules are absent or only allowed under controlled circumstances. Such systems are useful for constraining access to system resources such as , locks, and memory by keeping track of changes of state that occur and preventing invalid states. Several type systems have emerged by discarding some of the structural rules of exchange, weakening, and contraction: Ordered type systems (discard exchange, weakening and contraction): Every variable is used exactly once in the order it was introduced.