Raising (linguistics)In linguistics, raising constructions involve the movement of an argument from an embedded or subordinate clause to a matrix or main clause. In other words, a raising predicate/verb appears with a syntactic argument that is not its semantic argument but rather the semantic argument of an embedded predicate. For example, in they seem to be trying, the predicand of trying is the subject of seem. English has raising constructions, unlike some other languages.
Unaccusative verbIn linguistics, an unaccusative verb is an intransitive verb whose grammatical subject is not a semantic agent. In other words, the subject does not actively initiate, or is not actively responsible for, the action expressed by the verb. An unaccusative verb's subject is semantically similar to the direct object of a transitive verb or to the subject of a verb in the passive voice. Examples in English are "the tree fell"; "the window broke".
Unergative verbAn unergative verb is an intransitive verb that is characterized semantically by having a subject argument which is an agent that actively initiates the action expressed by the verb. For example, in English, talk and resign in the sentence "You talk and you resign" are unergative verbs, since they are intransitive (one does not say "you talk someone") and "you" are the initiator or responsible for talking and resigning.
Topic-prominent languageA topic-prominent language is a language that organizes its syntax to emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence. The term is best known in American linguistics from Charles N. Li and Sandra Thompson, who distinguished topic-prominent languages, such as Korean and Japanese, from subject-prominent languages, such as English. In Li and Thompson's (1976) view, topic-prominent languages have morphology or syntax that highlights the distinction between the topic and the comment (what is said about the topic).
PredicandIn semantics, a predicand is an argument in an utterance, specifically that of which something is predicated. By extension, in syntax, it is the constituent in a clause typically functioning as the subject. In the most typical cases, the predicand corresponds to the subject of a clause, and the predicate corresponds to a verb phrase (VP) that is the head of the clause. But there are also form-meaning mismatches, where the predicand is not a subject or where the predicate is not the head of the clause.
Transitivité (grammaire)En grammaire, la transitivité, directe ou indirecte, est une propriété éventuelle des verbes qui désigne leur aptitude à accepter un complément d'objet. En français, la transitivité influence le choix de l'auxiliaire employé dans la conjugaison. Tous les verbes transitifs se conjuguent avec « avoir » (à l'exception des verbes pronominaux) ; c'est aussi le cas de beaucoup de verbes intransitifs, certains cependant se conjuguent avec « être ». Transitivité vient de transitif/transitive, adjectif dérivé du latin transitivus, issu du verbe transire « passer ».
Attribut (grammaire)Un attribut est, en syntaxe, un mot ou groupe de mots qui sert à donner une caractéristique à un sujet ou à un complément d'objet direct par l’intermédiaire d’un verbe. En grammaire française, on distingue lattribut du sujet et lattribut du complément d'objet direct. L'attribut du sujet permet d'affecter au sujet une caractéristique par l'intermédiaire d'un verbe d'état (être et tout verbe pouvant s'y substituer comme devenir, avoir l'air ou sembler).
