Competitive equilibriumCompetitive equilibrium (also called: Walrasian equilibrium) is a concept of economic equilibrium, introduced by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu in 1951, appropriate for the analysis of commodity markets with flexible prices and many traders, and serving as the benchmark of efficiency in economic analysis. It relies crucially on the assumption of a competitive environment where each trader decides upon a quantity that is so small compared to the total quantity traded in the market that their individual transactions have no influence on the prices.
BargainingIn the social sciences, bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service debate the price or nature of a transaction. If the bargaining produces agreement on terms, the transaction takes place. It is often commonplace in poorer countries, or poorer localities within any specific country. Haggling can mostly be seen within street markets worldwide, wherein there remains no guarantee of the origin and authenticity of available products.
Complementary goodIn economics, a complementary good is a good whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. If is a complement to , an increase in the price of will result in a negative movement along the demand curve of and cause the demand curve for to shift inward; less of each good will be demanded.
Law of supplyThe law of supply is a fundamental principle of economic theory which states that, keeping other factors constant, an increase in price results in an increase in quantity supplied. In other words, there is a direct relationship between price and quantity: quantities respond in the same direction as price changes. This means that producers are willing to offer more of a product for sale on the market at higher prices by increasing production as a way of increasing profits.
Signal-prixLe prix d'un objet, d'un produit ou d'un service dépend de nombreux facteurs, dont l'offre et la demande. Un prix peut cependant être artificiellement plafonné, soutenu ou diminué, par une volonté d'une autorité compétente et du législateur, ou par la volonté commune d'un nombre suffisant de vendeurs. Il peut l'être illégalement via une entente sur les prix ou par des cartels, ou via le dumping économique, social ou environnemental.
Friedrich von WieserFriedrich Von Wieser (1851-1926) est un sociologue et économiste autrichien. Né à Vienne en 1851, il acquiert une formation sociologue puis d'économiste. Il devient un membre éminent de l'école autrichienne d'économie fondée par Carl Menger avec son collègue, ami d'enfance et beau-frère Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. Wieser dispose d'un poste d'enseignant en économie à l'université de Vienne et de Prague. En 1903, il succède à Menger.
Shadow priceA shadow price is the monetary value assigned to an abstract or intangible commodity which is not traded in the marketplace. This often takes the form of an externality. Shadow prices are also known as the recalculation of known market prices in order to account for the presence of distortionary market instruments (e.g. quotas, tariffs, taxes or subsidies). Shadow prices are the real economic prices given to goods and services after they have been appropriately adjusted by removing distortionary market instruments and incorporating the societal impact of the respective good or service.
Price discoveryIn economics and finance, the price discovery process (also called price discovery mechanism) is the process of determining the price of an asset in the marketplace through the interactions of buyers and sellers. Price discovery is different from valuation. Price discovery process involves buyers and sellers arriving at a transaction price for a specific item at a given time.
