Second-order logicIn logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic is in turn extended by higher-order logic and type theory. First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals (elements of the domain of discourse); second-order logic, in addition, also quantifies over relations. For example, the second-order sentence says that for every formula P, and every individual x, either Px is true or not(Px) is true (this is the law of excluded middle).
Uninterpreted functionIn mathematical logic, an uninterpreted function or function symbol is one that has no other property than its name and n-ary form. Function symbols are used, together with constants and variables, to form terms. The theory of uninterpreted functions is also sometimes called the free theory, because it is freely generated, and thus a free object, or the empty theory, being the theory having an empty set of sentences (in analogy to an initial algebra). Theories with a non-empty set of equations are known as equational theories.
Prédicat (logique mathématique)En logique mathématique, un prédicat d'un langage est une propriété des objets du domaine considéré (l'univers du discours) exprimée dans le langage en question. Plus généralement cette propriété peut porter non seulement sur des objets (on peut préciser prédicat d'arité 1, à une place, monadique ou bien encore unaire), mais aussi sur des couples d'objets (on parle alors de prédicat binaire, ou d'arité 2, ou à deux places, ou encore de relation binaire), des triplets d'objets (prédicat ou relation ternaire ou d'arité 3 etc.
Non-logical symbolIn logic, the formal languages used to create expressions consist of symbols, which can be broadly divided into constants and variables. The constants of a language can further be divided into logical symbols and non-logical symbols (sometimes also called logical and non-logical constants). The non-logical symbols of a language of first-order logic consist of predicates and individual constants. These include symbols that, in an interpretation, may stand for individual constants, variables, functions, or predicates.
