Matière première

Résumé

thumb|right|Le soufre est une matière première de nature minérale. Ici, des monticules de soufre attendent dans un port de commerce, prêts à être chargés à bord de navires vraquiers. thumb|right|Le latex est une matière première de nature végétale. Ici, du latex est collecté à même sa source naturelle, l'arbre à caoutchouc. thumb|right|La laine est une matière première de nature animale. Ici, de la laine de mouton vient d'être tondue et attend d'être traitée et tissée dans une manufacture de tapis. Une matière première est une matière à l'état brut (matière extraite de la nature : notion de ressource naturelle), ou, après collecte, ayant subi une première transformation sur le lieu d'exploitation pour la rendre propre à l'échange international, utilisée dans la transformation de matériels finis ou comme source d'énergie. Pour les matières destinées à l'alimentation, on parle plutôt de produit agricole vivrier et de produit de la chasse et de la pêche. L'Organisation des Nations unie

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_premi%C3%A8re

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Extractive resources are indisputably a necessary component of international sustainable development. Despite current advancements in the circular economy, world production needs for raw materials are ever increasing, and still a long way remains for it to become rather independent from mineral resources. At the same time, mining has too many negative stories in news headlines about its trade-offs for the environment and human health, which hinders sustainable growth. This thesis deals with this integral dilemma in three chapters. In Chapter 1, I have made an extensive effort to understand the socio-political aspects of the mining business, both internationally and specifically in the context of a developing country, and on the issue of the corporate social responsibility the company requires. I then continued with gathering my primary sources of data for answering my first question: What are the primary social variables contributing to mining sustainability issues? I derived theories from Economic Growth in the Political Economy and Institutional Void from Management Science, trying to place my findings in a broader context. I concluded this chapter with underlying sociopolitical factors interfering with sustainable mining practices. This has led to the shaping of the second chapter of my thesis. Chapter 2 builds on the given that throughout the model of Economic Growth, technological change can happen within a shorter timeline and that new technologies lead to more efficiency in the Process Innovation. The mining industry is no exception. Yet, my quick review at the time revealed that this industry is lagging incumbent mainstream businesses in technological adoption. I therefore made my aim here to discuss conditions for transitions towards a more technologically innovative mining business. I surveyed mining firms internationally and noted the critical criteria for responsible practices. I then made what had been to my knowledge and ability, an exhaustive grouping of innovative technologies for the different sectors of mining firms. These tools granted me the ability to perform different multivariate analyses and decide on the best method for benchmarking different technology groups based on these criteria. In the later part of my thesis (Chapter 3), having these findings in hand and all experiences and observations in place with my assumptions, I decided to take one step back to ask whether the criteria I have for measuring mining sustainability are the correct measures by looking through the question using emerging data science tools. Are the sustainability scopes commonly discussed in the mining community the most crucial sustainability problems of this sector? Having the sustainability reports of all major international mining firms in hand, I evaluated around 3500 documents containing 8 million words discussing current sustainability matters pertaining to mining firms. Through implementing appropriate algorithms of Topic Modeling, I introduced five new main scopes for mining sustainability used to examine the discourse and groupings through this framework to observe any possible differences among the conventional and the generated lists. The results of my thesis are my two conceptual frameworks, technological benchmarking assessment tools, and a data-driven sustainability domains list, as well as the innovation policy recommendations for the mining community.

EPFL2021

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Thermo-economic Evaluation of H2 synthesis from Biomass

Ivan Kostakev

The goal of this project would be to study the thermochemical production of hydrogen by using woody biomass as a raw material. The thermo-economic performance of the process will be evaluated and an optimisation will be performed to define the optimal system.

2009

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Life Cycle Assessment of Thermochemical Conversion of Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm to Bio-Methane

Edgard Gnansounou, Paolo Montafia

The energy demand is increasing as well as the GHG emissions and the fossil fuels depletion. Public awareness on this topic significantly raised up in last decades. Nowadays conversion of residual biomasses in energy represents a real opportunity. However, the sustainability of such fuels has to be proven: Life Cycle Assessment is usually used for that purpose. Because of the increasing natural gas demand, scientists are searching for new gasification techniques and among them the hydrothermal gasification is extremely promising. In this chapter, the LCA of such a technology is presented. Contributions of land use change is highlighted. The chapter evaluates and compares effects of different allocation methods of raw material and it points out a rigorous approach for economic allocation. Furthermore, a section is devoted to the end of the plantation life and its consequence on carbon stock and GHG emissions. When the process is correctly integrated 1 MWh of heat and 16.06 kg of equivalent fertilizer are got by hydrothermal way with a significant reduction of impacts. Moreover, the climate change impact is cut down up to 91% and the fossil depletion decreases up to 96%. The study underlines the great dependency of impact reduction to allocation methods: thus, reduction percentages are 80% GHG emissions and 85% fossil depletion compared to the reference system.

Elsevier2017

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EPFL2021