Concept
Analyse non standard
Concepts associés (30)
Standard part function
In nonstandard analysis, the standard part function is a function from the limited (finite) hyperreal numbers to the real numbers. Briefly, the standard part function "rounds off" a finite hyperreal to the nearest real. It associates to every such hyperreal , the unique real infinitely close to it, i.e. is infinitesimal. As such, it is a mathematical implementation of the historical concept of adequality introduced by Pierre de Fermat, as well as Leibniz's Transcendental law of homogeneity.
Criticism of nonstandard analysis
Nonstandard analysis and its offshoot, nonstandard calculus, have been criticized by several authors, notably Errett Bishop, Paul Halmos, and Alain Connes. These criticisms are analyzed below. The evaluation of nonstandard analysis in the literature has varied greatly. Paul Halmos described it as a technical special development in mathematical logic.
Adégalité
L’adégalité, dans l'histoire du calcul infinitésimal, est une technique développée par Pierre de Fermat, dont il dit qu'il l'a empruntée à Diophante. L'adégalité a été interprétée par certains chercheurs comme signifiant « l'égalité approximative ». John Stillwell illustre la technique dans le cadre de différentiation de comme suit. Si nous désignons l'adégalité par , alors il est juste de dire que et donc que pour la parabole est adégal à . Cependant, n'est pas un nombre ; en fait, est le seul nombre auquel est adégal.
Microcontinuity
In nonstandard analysis, a discipline within classical mathematics, microcontinuity (or S-continuity) of an internal function f at a point a is defined as follows: for all x infinitely close to a, the value f(x) is infinitely close to f(a). Here x runs through the domain of f. In formulas, this can be expressed as follows: if then . For a function f defined on , the definition can be expressed in terms of the halo as follows: f is microcontinuous at if and only if , where the natural extension of f to the hyperreals is still denoted f.
Smooth infinitesimal analysis
Smooth infinitesimal analysis is a modern reformulation of the calculus in terms of infinitesimals. Based on the ideas of F. W. Lawvere and employing the methods of , it views all functions as being continuous and incapable of being expressed in terms of discrete entities. As a theory, it is a subset of synthetic differential geometry. The nilsquare or nilpotent infinitesimals are numbers ε where ε2 = 0 is true, but ε = 0 need not be true at the same time.
Law of continuity
The law of continuity is a heuristic principle introduced by Gottfried Leibniz based on earlier work by Nicholas of Cusa and Johannes Kepler. It is the principle that "whatever succeeds for the finite, also succeeds for the infinite". Kepler used the law of continuity to calculate the area of the circle by representing it as an infinite-sided polygon with infinitesimal sides, and adding the areas of infinitely many triangles with infinitesimal bases.
Saturated model
In mathematical logic, and particularly in its subfield model theory, a saturated model M is one that realizes as many complete types as may be "reasonably expected" given its size. For example, an ultrapower model of the hyperreals is -saturated, meaning that every descending nested sequence of internal sets has a nonempty intersection. Let κ be a finite or infinite cardinal number and M a model in some first-order language. Then M is called κ-saturated if for all subsets A ⊆ M of cardinality less than κ, the model M realizes all complete types over A.
Modèle non standard de l'arithmétique
En logique mathématique, un modèle non standard de l'arithmétique est un modèle non standard de l'arithmétique de Peano, qui contient des nombres non standards. Le modèle standard de l'arithmétique contient exactement les nombres naturels 0, 1, 2, etc. Les éléments du domaine de tout modèle de l'arithmétique de Peano sont ordonnés linéairement et possèdent un segment initial isomorphe aux nombres naturels standards. Un modèle non standard est un modèle qui contient également des éléments en dehors de ce segment initial.
Internal set theory
Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the nonstandard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment. Thus, the axioms introduce a new term, "standard", which can be used to make discriminations not possible under the conventional ZFC axioms for sets.
The Analyst
The Analyst (subtitled A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician: Wherein It Is Examined Whether the Object, Principles, and Inferences of the Modern Analysis Are More Distinctly Conceived, or More Evidently Deduced, Than Religious Mysteries and Points of Faith) is a book by George Berkeley. It was first published in 1734, first by J. Tonson (London), then by S. Fuller (Dublin). The "infidel mathematician" is believed to have been Edmond Halley, though others have speculated Sir Isaac Newton was intended.