A writing implement or writing instrument is an object used to produce writing. Writing consists of different figures, lines, and or forms. Most of these items can be also used for other functions such as painting, drawing and technical drawing, but writing instruments generally have the ordinary requirement to create a smooth, controllable line.
Another writing implement employed by a smaller population is the stylus used in conjunction with the slate for punching out the dots in Braille.
An autonomous writing implement is one that cannot "run out"—the only way to render it useless is to destroy it.
The oldest known examples were created by incising a flat surface with a rigid tool rather than applying pigment with a secondary object, e.g., Chinese jiaguwen carved into turtle shells. However, this may simply represent the relative durability of such artifacts rather than truly representing the evolution of techniques, as the meaningful application of pigment is attested in prehistoric cave paintings such as the ones at Lascaux.
The ancient Sumerians and their successor cultures, such as the Babylonians, produced their cuneiform writing by pressing a triangular stylus into soft clay tablets, creating characteristic wedge-shaped marks. The clay tablets were then baked to harden them and permanently preserve the marks.
Several other ancient cultures such as Mycenaean Greece also inscribed their records into clay tablets but did not routinely bake them; much of the Linear B corpus from Minoan Crete was accidentally preserved by a catastrophic fire which hard-baked those tablets. The Romans used lead styli with wax tablets which could be "erased" by rubbing the beeswax surface smooth again.
In the modern era, hand held computers and certain other computer input devices use a stylus to enter information onto a screen by applying pressure rather than by depositing pigment.
Words and names are still commonly inscribed into commemorative objects, such as the engraved winners' names on the silver Stanley Cup or the Gettysburg Address carved into the stone wall of the Lincoln Memorial, but the requisite tools are not exclusively considered to be writing instruments.
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Le porte-plume est un petit manche de bois, de métal, d'ivoire, de matières plastiques, ou de tout autre matériau, à l'extrémité de laquelle est insérée une plume, en général métallique, que l'on trempe dans l'encre pour écrire ou pour dessiner. La plume tient en place soit en force par la relative élasticité du métal, soit par un petit levier incorporé au porte-plume qui permet de la bloquer ou de la débloquer facilement. Le porte-plume associé à la plume métallique a succédé à la plume d'oie utilisée traditionnellement en Occident pour l'écriture manuscrite.
Le stylo (apocope de stylographe) est un instrument, généralement de forme allongée facilitant sa préhension, qui sert à écrire ou à dessiner. Ayant l'avantage de posséder son propre réservoir d'encre, il a progressivement remplacé le porte-plume. Le mot est attesté en Grande-Bretagne dès 1882 pour un instrument à pointe tubulaire mais ne fut utilisé en France au sens d'instrument d'écriture qu'à partir de 1907. Il ne figure cependant pas encore dans le Larousse élémentaire illustré de 1918.
thumb|Deux extrémités de crayon HB. Un crayon est un instrument de dessin et d'écriture. Il est constitué d'une petite baguette de bois servant de gaine à une mine de la même longueur, l'extrémité de la baguette étant parfois recouverte d'une petite gomme à effacer. Lorsque la mine est usée, on taille le bois en maintenant la forme conique de l’extrémité, de manière à dégager une nouvelle longueur de mine, au moyen d’un canif ou d’un taille-crayon ou d'un bouton à retour sur le portemine (mine rétractable).
To make researchers aware of good scientific writing
To help them structure their articles
To point out pitfalls in scientific writing
To enable researchers to face their writing with confidence
To
To make researchers aware of good scientific writing To help them structure their articles To point out pitfalls in scientific writing To enable researchers to face their writing with confidence To de
The course is highly recommended for its excellent quality. Researchers will be apt to write a clear, well-structured article. We aim to make researchers aware of good writing and help them to face t
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Description (through texts, images, models or samples) played a central role in the patent regimes that emerged in the eighteenth century, first in England, later in the United States and in France. Description ensured that the contract—protection in excha ...
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