A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or narcotrafficker is a type of crime boss, who is in charge of a drug-trafficking network, organization, or enterprise.
Such figures are often difficult to bring to justice, as they are normally not directly in possession of something illegal but are insulated from the actual trade in drugs by several layers of staff. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltration into their networks, often using informants from within the organizations.
When a group of independent drug lords collude with each other, in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade, they form an organization called a drug cartel. The formations of drug cartels are very common in Latin American countries.
Since the 1970s, research on organized crime leadership (and, by extension, drug lords) has evolved. Where once studies emphasised the importance of the leader's human capital (e.g. individual traits), it has now developed to focus upon the leader's social capital (e.g. information and resource brokers, social status, access to information).
Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and Drug barons of Colombia
Known as "El Padrino" (The Godfather) and "El Jefe de Jefes" (The boss of bosses) was born in 1946, and is the founder and former leader of the Guadalajara Cartel, the first mexican super-cartel ever established. He had strong ties with the Cali Cartel and Escobar's Medellin Cartel as he distributed drugs for them. He controlled almost all of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border in 1970s and the 80s. Until the end of the 1980s, Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo was one of the most powerful cartels in the world. He had a huge involvement in politics and bribed political authorities to protect himself and his business. After his capture in 1989 for the alleged murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, Félix and allegedly the Mexican Government decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement.
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Le cartel de Sinaloa, aussi appelé l'Organisation Reynosa, le cartel du Pacifique ou la Fédération, est une organisation criminelle mexicaine présente dans le monde entier, principalement dans les États de Baja California, Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora, Chihuahua et Tamaulipas, c'est-à-dire dans le « triangle d'or » et dans une des régions du Mexique dotées d'une culture importante d'opium et de marijuana.
Mocro Maffia (également orthographié Mocro-maffia), Mocro-oorlog et Mocro War sont des appellations données aux organisations mafieuses marocaines, spécialisées dans le trafic de cocaïne et de drogue de synthèse et basées aux Pays-Bas et en Belgique. Ces réseaux mafieux, actifs depuis les années 1990, consistent en plusieurs groupes criminels, composés pour la majorité de Marocains issus de l'immigration en Belgique ou aux Pays-Bas.
Un cartel de la drogue est une organisation criminelle dirigée par un Jefe (chef en espagnol) ou un « baron de la drogue », développée avec pour principal objectif de promouvoir et de contrôler les opérations de trafic de drogues. Les cartels de la drogue varient de l'accord informel entre différents narcotrafiquants et producteurs à l'entreprise commerciale officielle. Les cartels de la drogue ne sont pas des cartels au sens strict, ce mot désignant à l'origine une entente illicite entre des entreprises.
Explore la concurrence imparfaite, les cartels et la dynamique des oligopoles sur les marchés, en analysant les stratégies de tarification et les résultats du marché.
For clinical applications, simplicity, high efficiency, and low toxicity are key issues in the design of anti-tumor drugs. In this work, a novel dual-responsive drug self-framed delivery system (DSFDS) with high drug delivery efficiency is proposed based o ...