Utilité marginale

Résumé

L'utilité marginale est un concept économique. Elle désigne l'utilité qu'un agent économique tire de la consommation d'une quantité supplémentaire d'un bien. Le raisonnement est dit à la marge parce que l'utilité marginale consiste en l'utilité par unité supplémentaire consommée. Concept Comme l'a observé l'ingénieur Dupuit dès 1844, l'utilité marginale décroît marginalement, ce qui signifie qu'il arrive un moment où une unité supplémentaire de consommation d'un bien apporte moins d'utilité ou de plaisir que la consommation de l'unité précédente. Un individu assoiffé tirera une grande utilité marginale de son premier verre d'eau, un peu moins du deuxième, et encore moins du troisième. L'utilité marginale est décroissante dans la majeure partie des cas, car elle traduit une saturation des besoins. Plusieurs biens ou comportements apportent toutefois une utilité marginale croissante, comme par exemple les drogues ou la collection de timbres et d'autres objets divers. Plus

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C3%A9_marginale

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The course allows students to get familiarized with the basic tools and concepts of modern microeconomic analysis. Based on graphical reasoning and analytical calculus, it constantly links to real economic issues.

Software agents are widely used to control physical, economic and financial processes. The course presents practical methods for implementing software agents and multi-agent systems, supported by programming exercises, and the theoretical underpinnings including computational game theory.

This course introduces frameworks and tools for understanding the economic dimensions of the world we live in. The course includes applications to real-world situations and events. Assessment is through group projects. The course is divided into two parts: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

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Séances de cours associées (51)

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Equilibrium analysis in multi-echelon supply chain with multi-dimensional utilities of inertial players

Naoufel Cheikhrouhou, Matthias Gurtner, Gajanan Bhanudas Panchal

In a supply chain, the importance of information elicitation from the supply chain players is vital to design supply chain network. The rationality and self-centredness of these players causes the information asymmetry in the supply chain and thus situation of conflict and non-participation of the players in the network design process. In such situations, it is required to analyse the supply chain players' behaviour in order to explore potential for coordination through incentives. In this paper, a novel approach of social utility analysis is proposed to elicit the information for supply chain coordination among the supply chain players in a dyadic relationship - supplier and buyer. In principal, we consider a monopsony situation where buyer is a dominant player. With the objective of maximizing the social utility, efforts have been made to value behavioural issues in supply chain. On the other hand, the reluctance of player due to the information asymmetry is measured in the form of inertia - an offset to the supply chain profit. The suppliers' behaviour is analysed with three distinct level of risk for two types of the product in procurement process. The useful insight from this paper is in supplier selection process where the reluctance of supplier offsets supply chain profit. The paper provides recommendations to supply chain managers for efficient decision-making ability in supplier selection process.

Palgrave Macmillan Ltd2017

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Financing Investment: The Choice between Public and Private Debt

Erwan Morellec, Philip Valta

We build a dynamic model of investment and financing decisions to study the choice between bonds and bank loans in a firm's marginal financing decision and its effects on corporate investment. We show that firms with more growth options, higher bargaining power in default, operating in more competitive product markets, and facing lower credit supply are more likely to issue bonds. We also demonstrate that, by changing the cost of financing, these characteristics affect the timing of investment. We test these predictions using a sample of U.S. firms and present new evidence which is strongly supportive of our theory.

Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series2012

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Financing Investment: The choice between bonds and bank loans

Erwan Morellec, Philip Valta

We build a model of investment and financing decisions to study the choice between bonds and bank loans in a firm's marginal financing decision and its effects on corporate investment. We show that firms with more growth options, with higher bargaining power in default, operating in more competitive product markets, or facing lower credit supply are more likely to issue bonds. We also demonstrate that, by changing the cost of financing, these characteristics affect the timing of investment. We test these predictions using a sample of U.S. firms and present new evidence that supports our theory.

2015

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