PréférenceLa préférence est l'expression d'un choix, en raison de critères soit subjectifs (on parle alors de goût, notamment en matière de préférence sexuelle) plus ou moins conscients, soit objectifs, basés sur des critères clairement énoncés et conscients. En théorie de la décision, une préférence est un élément de motivation, en tant qu'attitude favorable ou défavorable envers telle ou telle chose, idée, personne, pratique. Ainsi ce qui est censé apporter le bonheur est généralement préféré à ce qui est considéré comme cause potentielle de souffrance.
Brain stimulation rewardBrain stimulation reward (BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner. BSR can serve as a robust operant reinforcer. Targeted stimulation activates the reward system circuitry and establishes response habits similar to those established by natural rewards, such as food and sex. Experiments on BSR soon demonstrated that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, along with other regions of the brain associated with natural reward, was both rewarding as well as motivation-inducing.
Reinforcement sensitivity theoryReinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes three brain-behavioral systems that underlie individual differences in sensitivity to reward, punishment, and motivation. While not originally defined as a theory of personality, the RST has been used to study and predict anxiety, impulsivity, and extraversion. The theory evolved from Gray's biopsychological theory of personality to incorporate findings from a number of areas in psychology and neuroscience, culminating in a major revision in 2000.
Goal orientationGoal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation. Goal orientation refers to how an individual interprets and reacts to tasks, resulting in different patterns of cognition, affect and behavior.
