Eau de mer | EPFL Graph Search

vignette|Marais salants dans la baie de San Francisco. L'eau de mer est l'eau salée des mers et des océans de la Terre. On dit qu’elle est « salée » parce qu'elle contient des substances dissoutes, les sels, constitués d'ions, principalement des ions halogénures comme l'ion chlorure et des ions alcalins comme l'ion sodium. On trouve 30 à de sels dissous pour d'eau de mer. L'eau salée s'oppose à l'eau douce, qui contient moins de de sels dissous par kilogramme. La masse volumique de l'eau de mer à la surface est d'environ , supérieure de 2,5 % à celle de l'eau douce () à cause de la masse du sel et de l'électrostriction. Volume vignette|droite|300px|Salinité moyenne des océans, exprimée en PSU, c'est-à-dire en grammes de sel par kilogramme d'eau de mer. Les océans et mers occupent un volume estimé à de km, ce qui représente 96,5 % des réserves d'eau présentes à la surface de la Terre. Ce volume n'inclut pas les eaux souterraines (aquifères), dont environ 85 % sont salée

Design of solar driven supercritical water desalination plant

Grzegorz Adam Koblanski

The objective of this master project is to develop model for the solar driven supercritical desalination plant. Furthermore we propose a possible system integration and examination of its performance in terms of energy and cost effectiveness. The model simulations and calculations are performed using Belsim Vali and in-house LENI developed program OSMOSE. Supercritical salt separation model was created based on the solubility models proposed by Leusbrock and research conducted by Khan and Rogak on salt mixture solubility. This allowed the creation of a salt separation model as a function of pressure and temperature in supercritical conditions. The proposed model is validated in certain range of pure water density and is characterized by 86% water recovery ratio for salts inlet concentration of 4%. During the simulation, a reactor was operated in fixed temperature of 660 K and 221 bar in order to fulfill potable water requirements in terms of TDS value. The simulations results show that through integration of recompression and steam network, a significant improvement in terms of energy usage and cost incurred can be obtain. Steam network integration with double steam step allows to eliminate electricity requirements and increase the exergy efficiency to 3.16%. The majority cost of the system is caused by the investment in the solar system due to linear behavior of costing function for solar installations. It is shown that 75% of overall investment cost is intended for hot utility. However, it was found that profitability can be obtain when secondary products income are taken into account. By possibility of selling industry salts that are separated in the reactor, it is possible to obtain cost of 0.96 CHF per cubic meter of generated potable water. Moreover, to achieve higher economic performance and fresh water recovery ratio hybrid, the “Reverse Osmosis – Supercritical Desalination Plant” system was investigated. It was found that joining two technologies led to significant economic savings together with drastic increase in water recovery ratio up to 91%. This shows that proposed integration not only increased profitability of the installation, but also increased water recovery ratio. Thus showing promising perspectives for possible future desalination systems.

2013

Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production

Jin Jiang, Urs von Gunten

Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470-800 x 109 m(3), 46 x 10(9) m(3) and 3.5 x 10(9) m(3), respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5-21.8 x 10(6) kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8-20.1 x 10(6) kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 x 10(6) kg/a from desalination and 0.86 x 10(6) kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2-6% of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385-870 x 10(6) kg/a.

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2022

Measuring coral calcification under ocean acidification: methodological considerations for the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity anomaly technique

Stéphanie Kéren Cohen, Maoz Fine, Thomas Krüger

As the oceans become less alkaline due to rising CO2 levels, deleterious consequences are expected for calcifying corals. Predicting how coral calcification will be affected by on-going ocean acidification (OA) requires an accurate assessment of CaCO3 deposition and an understanding of the relative importance that decreasing calcification and/or increasing dissolution play for the overall calcification budget of individual corals. Here, we assessed the compatibility of the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity (TA) anomaly techniques as measures of gross and net calcification (GC, NC), respectively, to determine coral calcification at pHT 8.1 and 7.5. Considering the differing buffering capacity of seawater at both pH values, we were also interested in how strongly coral calcification alters the seawater carbonate chemistry under prolonged incubation in sealed chambers, potentially interfering with physiological functioning. Our data indicate that NC estimates by TA are erroneously ∼5% and ∼21% higher than GC estimates from 45Ca for ambient and reduced pH, respectively. Considering also previous data, we show that the consistent discrepancy between both techniques across studies is not constant, but largely depends on the absolute value of CaCO3 deposition. Deriving rates of coral dissolution from the difference between NC and GC was not possible and we advocate a more direct approach for the future by simultaneously measuring skeletal calcium influx and efflux. Substantial changes in carbonate system parameters for incubation times beyond two hours in our experiment demonstrate the necessity to test and optimize experimental incubation setups when measuring coral calcification in closed systems, especially under OA conditions.

Peerj Inc2017

Design of solar driven supercritical water desalination plant

Grzegorz Adam Koblanski

2013