Accent toniqueEn linguistique et précisément en phonologie, l’accent tonique met systématiquement en relief une syllabe ou une more dans un mot en augmentant la hauteur, la force ou la durée du son, souvent une combinaison de ces trois facteurs. La syllabe ou la more frappée de l'accent est dite tonique, et les autres atones. On distingue fréquemment les langues à accent tonique des langues à tons et à accent de hauteur, bien que certaines langues, comme le mandarin et le thaï, utilisent les deux systèmes : dans une langue à tons, l'accent tonique peut n'être que secondaire.
Phonological history of English consonant clustersThe phonological history of the English language includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters. H-dropping The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, involving consonant clusters beginning with /h/ that have lost the /h/ (or become reduced to /h/) in some or all dialects. Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩ The cluster /hw/ (spelled ⟨wh⟩ since Middle English) has been subject to two kinds of reduction: Reduction to /h/ before rounded vowels (due to /hw/ being perceived as a /h/ with the labialization characteristic of that environment).
Diphtonguethumb|Prononciation en anglais américain de l'expression no highway cowboys , dont les cinq voyelles sont toutes des diphtongues. thumb|Diagramme phonétique des diphtongues de l'anglais américain illustrées par l'extrait ci-dessus. Une diphtongue est un type de voyelle dont le point d'articulation et le timbre varient lors de son émission entre une position de départ et une position d'arrivée. Une diphtongue est comprise dans une seule et même syllabe : elle se distingue par là de l'hiatus, lequel désigne une succession de deux voyelles appartenant à des syllabes différentes.
Prescriptivisme linguistiqueLe prescriptivisme linguistique, ou grammaire prescriptive, est l'établissement de règles définissant l'usage jugé correct de la langue. Ces règles peuvent porter sur des aspects linguistiques tels que l'orthographe, la prononciation, le vocabulaire, la syntaxe et la sémantique. Souvent liées au purisme linguistique, ces pratiques normatives sous-entendent que certains usages sont incorrects, incohérents, illogiques, peu compréhensibles, voire laids ; ce même dans les cas où les usages ainsi décriés sont plus courants que l'usage prescrit.
Cot–caught mergerThe cot–caught merger, also known as the merger or low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel phonemes in words like cot versus caught. Cot and caught (along with bot and bought, pond and pawned, etc.) is an example of a minimal pair that is lost as a result of this sound change. The phonemes involved in the cot–caught merger, the low back vowels, are typically represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet as /ɒ/ and /ɔ/, respectively (or, in North America, co-occurring with the father–bother merger, as /ɑ/ and /ɔ/).
Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩The pronunciation of the digraph in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents. It is now most commonly pronounced /w/, the same as a plain initial , although some dialects, particularly those of Scotland, Ireland, and the Southern United States, retain the traditional pronunciation /hw/, generally realized as ʍ, a voiceless "w" sound. The process by which the historical /hw/ has become /w/ in most modern varieties of English is called the wine–whine merger.
GeordieGeordie (ˈdʒɔːrdi) is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England and the dialect used by its inhabitants, also known in linguistics as Tyneside English or Newcastle English. There are different definitions of what constitutes a Geordie. The term is used and has been historically used to refer to the people of the North East. A Geordie can also specifically be a native of Tyneside (especially Newcastle upon Tyne) and the surrounding areas. Not everyone from the North East of England identifies as a Geordie.
Consonant voicing and devoicingIn phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred to as devoicing or desonorization. Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel. For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs).
Accent (sociolinguistique)L’accent en tant que notion sociolinguistique regroupe l’ensemble des traits de prononciation (consonnes, voyelles, accent et prosodie) d'une variété de langue et permet ainsi l’identification du profil (géographique, social) du locuteur. L'accent repose alors essentiellement sur la perception de ces traits par l'interlocuteur. Non autonome, il n'existe qu'en comparaison à une autre prononciation, cette dernière pouvant constituer une norme. L'accent peut se caractériser de deux façons : par sa phonologie et par les aspects sociaux que l'on y associe.
Lexical setA lexical set is a group of words that share a particular phonological feature. A phoneme is a basic unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another. Most commonly, following the work of phonetician John C. Wells, a lexical set is a class of words in a language that share a certain vowel phoneme. As Wells himself says, lexical sets "enable one to refer concisely to large groups of words which tend to share the same vowel, and to the vowel which they share".
