Environmental effects of irrigationThe environmental effects of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme. The effects stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme. Amongst some of these problems is depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting.
Aquifère de FlorideThe Floridan aquifer system, composed of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, is a sequence of Paleogene carbonate rock which spans an area of about in the southeastern United States. It underlies the entire state of Florida and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. The Floridan aquifer system is one of the world's most productive aquifers and supplies drinking water for nearly 10 million people.
ÉcotoneUn écotone est une zone de transition écologique entre deux écosystèmes. Par exemple, le passage de la savane à la forêt, ou le passage d'une plaine alluviale à une zone non inondable. En écologie du paysage, il correspond à une lisière. Comme dans le cas des biomes, la végétation joue un rôle important dans la caractérisation d'un écotone, du fait de la marque physionomique prépondérante qu'elle imprime au paysage.
Distribution de temps de séjourL’expression de distribution de temps de séjour ou DTS s'utilise en génie des procédés. La distribution de temps de séjour est un modèle qui permet de caractériser l'hydrodynamique d'un réacteur chimique et de déterminer quel modèle de réacteur définit le mieux l'installation étudiée (réacteur continu ou réacteur tubulaire) ainsi que les déviations par rapport aux modèles des réacteurs idéaux. Cette caractéristique est importante pour pouvoir calculer la performance d'une réaction avec une cinétique connue.
Effects of climate change on the water cycleThe effects of climate change on the water cycle are profound and have been described as an intensification or a strengthening of the water cycle (also called hydrologic cycle). This effect has been observed since at least 1980. One example is the intensification of heavy precipitation events. This has important negative effects on the availability of freshwater resources, as well as other water reservoirs such as oceans, ice sheets, atmosphere and land surface.
Groundwater-related subsidenceGroundwater-related subsidence is the subsidence (or the sinking) of land resulting from unsustainable groundwater extraction. It is a growing problem in the developing world as cities increase in population and water use, without adequate pumping regulation and enforcement. One estimate has 80% of serious U.S. land subsidence problems associated with the excessive extraction of groundwater, making it a growing problem throughout the world.
Water balanceThe law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time interval. In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city. The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a fundamental activity in the science of hydrology.
Tourbière minérotropheUne tourbière minérotrophe ou fen est un type de zones humides, plus spécifiquement un type de tourbières caractérisé par l'accumulation de tourbe et qui est connecté à des eaux de ruissellement souterraines et/ou de surface. vignette|223x223px| Tourbière minérotrophe dominée par les herbacées Les tourbières correspondent à l'un des deux types de tourbières (fen = minérotrophe et bog = ombrotrophe) lorsqu'on les catégorise selon leur alimentation en eau et éléments minéraux.
Drainage equationA drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils. It is used in drainage design. A well known steady-state drainage equation is the Hooghoudt drain spacing equation. Its original publication is in Dutch. The equation was introduced in the USA by van Schilfgaarde. Hooghoudt's equation can be written as:.
Specific storageIn the field of hydrogeology, storage properties are physical properties that characterize the capacity of an aquifer to release groundwater. These properties are storativity (S), specific storage (Ss) and specific yield (Sy). According to Groundwater, by Freeze and Cherry (1979), specific storage, [m−1], of a saturated aquifer is defined as the volume of water that a unit volume of the aquifer releases from storage under a unit decline in hydraulic head. They are often determined using some combination of field tests (e.
