Abnormal posturingAbnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury. It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. The posturing may also occur without a stimulus. Since posturing is an important indicator of the amount of damage that has occurred to the brain, it is used by medical professionals to measure the severity of a coma with the Glasgow Coma Scale (for adults) and the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (for infants).
Post-traumatic epilepsyPost-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a form of acquired epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain (traumatic brain injury, abbreviated TBI). A person with PTE experiences repeated post-traumatic seizures (PTS, seizures that result from TBI) more than a week after the initial injury. PTE is estimated to constitute 5% of all cases of epilepsy and over 20% of cases of acquired epilepsy (in which seizures are caused by an identifiable organic brain condition).
GlioseGliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar. The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days.
Seizure typesIn the field of neurology, seizure types are categories of seizures defined by seizure behavior, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 classification of seizures is the internationally recognized standard for identifying seizure types. The ILAE 2017 classification of seizures is a revision of the prior ILAE 1981 classification of seizures. Distinguishing between seizure types is important since different types of seizures may have different causes, outcomes, and treatments.
CraniectomieUne craniectomie, appelée aussi craniotomie, est un acte de neurochirurgie qui consiste à sectionner un ou plusieurs os du crâne et de retirer ainsi une partie de la voûte crânienne. Elle permet ainsi d'exposer une partie du cerveau, permettant l'intervention sur ce dernier ou de parvenir à une décompression à ce niveau. Elle est couramment utilisée lors d'un traumatisme cranio-encéphalique (évacuation d'une hémorragie), en cas de phénomène infectieux (abcès cérébral) ou tumoral.
Convulsion hyperthermiqueLa convulsion hyperthermique, ou convulsion fébrile, apparait surtout chez l'enfant entre 6 mois et 5 ans, est une crise convulsive avec des contractions musculaires involontaires généralisées, liée à une température élevée, souvent supérieure à , sans rapport avec une infection du système nerveux central. Elle concerne de 2 à 5 % des enfants de 1 à , le risque maximum se situant vers la de vie, puis diminue avec l'âge.
Post-traumatic seizurePost-traumatic seizures (PTS) are seizures that result from traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain damage caused by physical trauma. PTS may be a risk factor for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE), but a person having a seizure or seizures due to traumatic brain injury does not necessarily have PTE, which is a form of epilepsy, a chronic condition in which seizures occur repeatedly. However, "PTS" and "PTE" may be used interchangeably in medical literature. Seizures are usually an indication of a more severe TBI.
SpasmeEn médecine, un spasme est toute forme de contraction musculaire involontaire. Un tonus musculaire anormalement élevé localement, de manière durable et même sans mouvement peut également être une manifestation de spasticité. Il s'agit donc d'un ensemble de phénomènes très différents les uns des autres, tant dans leurs causes que dans leurs manifestations. Il peut toucher tous les types de muscle : les muscles striés crampe, myoclonies, convulsions, clonus, tétanies les muscles lisses : spasme gastro-intest
Automatisme (psychologie)L'automatisme psychologique est un terme créé par Pierre Janet en 1889. Pour lui il s'agit d'une « activité humaine dans ses formes les plus simples, les plus rudimentaires ». Il distingue deux types d'automatisme ; l'automatisme total et l'automatisme partiel. L'automatisme même total comporte une conscience élémentaire. Ces deux niveaux d'automatisme se conçoivent en référence à la notion de champ de la conscience par analogie avec le champ visuel.
Non-epileptic seizureNon-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as non-epileptic events, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. Symptoms may include shaking, loss of consciousness, and loss of bladder control. They may or may not be caused by either physiological or psychological conditions. Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.
