Squelette

Résumé

alt=|vignette|Un squelette d'homme sur un squelette de cheval entreposés à L'Australian Museum de Sydney. thumb|upright=1.5|Aspect de différents squelettes d'après le Larousse de 1922. Le squelette (du grec skeletós, « desséché ») est une charpente animale rigide servant de support pour les muscles et les organes. Cette structure permet à un organisme pluricellulaire de protéger ses organes et de garder une certaine forme malgré la force exercée par la gravité terrestre. Il existe deux principaux types de squelettes : l'exosquelette, à la surface du corps, et l'endosquelette, à l'intérieur du corps. L'exosquelette se retrouve chez certains invertébrés, comme les mollusques ou les arthropodes. Chez les vertébrés, le squelette est interne et est donc un endosquelette. Constitué de l'ensemble des os et des cartilages du corps, il est consolidé par des articulations et est actionné par les muscles squelettiques. Dérivé du mésoderme embryonnaire, le squelette est l'innovation à l'origine

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squelette

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vignette|250px|Illustration d'un fémur humain extraite de Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body. vignette|250px|La forme des os traduit l'adaptation évolutive aux fonctions qu'ils remplissent pour l'

Les éponges ou spongiaires (Porifera) sont des animaux formant l'embranchement basal des eumétazoaires. Elles sont définies comme des métazoaires sessiles à l'âge adulte. Elles possèdent un système

vignette|upright=1.5|Biomasse animale totale (en gigatonne de carbone). Les Animaux (Animalia) (du latin animalis « animé, vivant, animal ») sont en biologie, selon la classification classique, des ê

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Biomineralization in living hypercalcified demosponges: Toward a shared mechanism?

Melany Melissa Gilis

Massive skeletons of living hypercalcified sponges, representative organisms of basal Metazoa, are uncommon models to improve our knowledge on biomineralization mechanisms and their possible evolution through time. Eight living species belonging to various orders of Demospongiae were selected for a comparative mineralogical characterization of their aragonitic or calcitic massive basal skeleton. The latter was prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. SEM results indicated distinctive macro- and micro-structural organizations of the skeleton for each species, likely resulting from a genetically dictated variation in the control exerted on their formation. However, most skeletons investigated shared submicron to nano-scale morphological and crystallographical patterns: (1) single-crystal fibers and bundles were composed of 20 to 100 nm large submicronic grains, the smallest structural units, (2) nano-scale likely organic material occurred both within and between these structural units, (3) {1 1 0} micro-twin planes were observed along aragonitic fibers, and (4) individual fibers or small bundles protruded from the external growing surface of skeletons. This comparative mineralogical study of phylogenetically distant species brings further evidence to recent biomineralization models already proposed for sponges, corals, mollusks, brachiopods and echinoderms and to the hypothesis of the universal and ancestral character of such mechanisms in Metazoa. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science2013

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Morphology, microstructure, crystallography, and chemistry of distinct CaCO3 deposits formed by early recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis

Duncan Alexander, Melany Melissa Gilis, Anders Meibom, Jaroslaw Hubert Stolarski

ABSTRACT Scleractinian corals begin their biomineralization process shortly after larval settlement with the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) structures at the interface between the larval tissues and the substrate. The newly settled larvae exert variable degrees of control over this skeleton formation, providing an opportunity to study a range of biocarbonate structures, some of which are transient and not observed in adult coral skeletons. Here we present a morphological, structural, crystallographic, and chemical comparison between two types of aragonite deposits observed during the skeletal development of 2-days old recruits of Pocillopora damicornis: (1) Primary septum and (2) Abundant, dumbbell-like structures, quasi-randomly distributed between initial deposits of the basal plate and not present in adult corals—At the mesoscale level, initial septa structures are formed by superimposed fan-shaped fasciculi consisting of bundles of fibers, as also observed in adult corals. This organization is not observed in the dumbbell-like structures. However, at the ultrastructural level there is great similarity between septa and dumbbell components. Both are composed of

Wiley-Blackwell2015

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Morphology, microstructure, crystallography, and chemistry of distinct CaCO3 deposits formed by early recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis

Duncan Alexander, Melany Melissa Gilis, Anders Meibom, Jaroslaw Hubert Stolarski

Scleractinian corals begin their biomineralization process shortly after larval settlement with the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) structures at the interface between the larval tissues and the substrate. The newly settled larvae exert variable degrees of control over this skeleton formation, providing an opportunity to study a range of biocarbonate structures, some of which are transient and not observed in adult coral skeletons. Here we present a morphological, structural, crystallographic, and chemical comparison between two types of aragonite deposits observed during the skeletal development of 2-days old recruits of Pocillopora damicornis: (1) Primary septum and (2) Abundant, dumbbell-like structures, quasi-randomly distributed between initial deposits of the basal plate and not present in adult coralsAt the mesoscale level, initial septa structures are formed by superimposed fan-shaped fasciculi consisting of bundles of fibers, as also observed in adult corals. This organization is not observed in the dumbbell-like structures. However, at the ultrastructural level there is great similarity between septa and dumbbell components. Both are composed of

Wiley-Blackwell2015

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