Porifera

Résumé

Les éponges ou spongiaires (Porifera) sont des animaux formant l'embranchement basal des eumétazoaires. Elles sont définies comme des métazoaires sessiles à l'âge adulte. Elles possèdent un système aquifère permettant la circulation (unidirectionnelle) de l'eau. Il est composé de chambres choanocytaires reliées entre elles et au milieu extérieur par des pores inhalants (ostium) et un pore exhalant (oscule). Ces chambres sont tapissées de choanocytes, qui sont des cellules flagellées caractéristiques des éponges. Les éponges possèdent deux couches de cellules : le pinacoderme qui se situe à l'extérieur et le choanoderme qui se situe à l'intérieur. Entre ces deux couches, des cellules mobiles se déplacent dans la mésohyle, matrice extracellulaire composé de collagène. Leur système nerveux est très primitif et diffus. Dans l'histoire de la biologie, elles ont longtemps été considérées comme des végétaux. L'aire de répartition des éponges est très large, car elles ont colonisé les eaux

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera

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Synthesis of bone-like structured foams

Françoise Borcard, Sandrine Gerber

Here we present a processing route to produce multi-structured ceramic foams based on the combination of particle-stabilized foams with polymeric sponges to produce positive and negative templating structures. Polyester sponges are infiltrated with freshly produced calcium aluminate–alumina foams and upon sintering either positive templating structures are produced when wetting the sponges, or negative templating foams with a percolating pore network are obtained when completely filling the sponges. Additionally, by combining different layers of these particle-stabilized foam infiltrated sponges, various different structures can be produced, including sandwich structures, pore size gradients, and ceramic bone-like structures applying to different types of bone. The particle-stabilized foams used were in situ self-hardening calcium aluminate cement enriched alumina foams to obtain crack-free samples with pore interconnections and tailorable pore sizes.

Elsevier Sci Ltd2013

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Biomineralization in living hypercalcified demosponges: Toward a shared mechanism?

Melany Melissa Gilis

Massive skeletons of living hypercalcified sponges, representative organisms of basal Metazoa, are uncommon models to improve our knowledge on biomineralization mechanisms and their possible evolution through time. Eight living species belonging to various orders of Demospongiae were selected for a comparative mineralogical characterization of their aragonitic or calcitic massive basal skeleton. The latter was prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. SEM results indicated distinctive macro- and micro-structural organizations of the skeleton for each species, likely resulting from a genetically dictated variation in the control exerted on their formation. However, most skeletons investigated shared submicron to nano-scale morphological and crystallographical patterns: (1) single-crystal fibers and bundles were composed of 20 to 100 nm large submicronic grains, the smallest structural units, (2) nano-scale likely organic material occurred both within and between these structural units, (3) {1 1 0} micro-twin planes were observed along aragonitic fibers, and (4) individual fibers or small bundles protruded from the external growing surface of skeletons. This comparative mineralogical study of phylogenetically distant species brings further evidence to recent biomineralization models already proposed for sponges, corals, mollusks, brachiopods and echinoderms and to the hypothesis of the universal and ancestral character of such mechanisms in Metazoa. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science2013

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Biomineralization in living hypercalcified demosponges: Toward a shared mechanism? (vol 183, pg 441, 2013)

Melany Melissa Gilis

Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science2013

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