2G | EPFL Graph Search

2G is a short notation for second-generation cellular network, a group of technology standards employed for cellular networks. 2G was commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital, though both systems use digital signaling to connect cellular radio towers to the rest of the mobile network system. The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan. In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used. In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were: Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network. Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band. Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS). With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s). General Packet Radio Service 2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.

A Generalized Adjusted Min-Sum Decoder for 5G LDPC Codes: Algorithm and Implementation

Andreas Peter Burg, Alexios Konstantinos Balatsoukas Stimming, Yifei Shen, Yuqing Ren, Hassan Harb

5G New Radio (NR) has stringent demands on both performance and complexity for the design of low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding algorithms and corresponding VLSI implementations. Furthermore, decoders must fully support the wide range of all 5G NR bl ...

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2024

Artificial intelligence of things for smart cities: advanced solutions for enhancing transportation safety

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In the context of smart cities, ensuring road safety is crucial due to increasing urbanization and the interconnected nature of contemporary urban environments. Leveraging innovative technologies is essential to mitigate risks and create safer communities. ...

Springernature2024

P3LI5: Practical and confidEntial Lawful Interception on the 5G core

Apostolos Pyrgelis, Francesco Intoci

Lawful Interception (LI) is a legal obligation of Communication Service Providers (CSPs) to provide interception capabilities to Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in order to gain insightful data from network communications for criminal proceedings, e.g., ne ...

New York2023