Tertiary hyperparathyroidismTertiary hyperparathyroidism is a condition involving the overproduction of the hormone, parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are involved in monitoring and regulating blood calcium levels and respond by either producing or ceasing to produce parathyroid hormone. Anatomically, these glands are located in the neck, para-lateral to the thyroid gland, which does not have any influence in the production of parathyroid hormone.
OstéoblasteL'ostéoblaste correspond à la forme jeune de la cellule osseuse. Les ostéoblastes ont une origine mésenchymateuse, ils proviennent des cellules souches présentes dans la moelle osseuse. Ces cellules souches sont communes à différents types cellulaires (ostéoblastes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, tendinocytes, fibroblastes). L'ostéoblaste va avoir différentes fonctions notamment la synthèse et la minéralisation de la matrice osseuse pendant la croissance du squelette.
Calcium in biologyCalcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, including several of the coagulation factors. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.
Glande thyroïdeLa glande thyroïde ou thyroïde est une glande endocrine régulant, chez les vertébrés, de nombreux systèmes hormonaux par la sécrétion de triiodothyronine (T3), de thyroxine (T4) et de calcitonine. Dans l'espèce humaine, elle est située à la face antérieure du cou, superficiellement. Ses déformations (on parle de goitre quand le volume de la thyroïde est augmenté) sont visibles sous la peau. Elle peut être le siège de diverses affections : hyperthyroïdie, hypothyroïdie, tumeur maligne ou tumeur bénigne.
Bone resorptionBone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoblasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process.
Ostéoclastethumb|Un ostéoclaste (au centre). Neuf noyaux sont visibles. Les ostéoclastes sont des cellules osseuses responsables de la résorption du tissu osseux, et participant donc à son renouvellement continu. Ce sont des cellules multinucléées possédant de quelques noyaux à une cinquantaine au niveau de leur pole apical (par fusion cellulaire, formant un syncytium), d’origine hématopoïétique, d’un diamètre de .
Secondary hyperparathyroidismSecondary hyperparathyroidism is the medical condition of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels), with resultant hyperplasia of these glands. This disorder is primarily seen in patients with chronic kidney failure. It is sometimes abbreviated "SHPT" in medical literature. Bone and joint pain are common, as are limb deformities. The elevated PTH has also pleiotropic effects on the blood, immune system, and neurological system.
Syndrome de délétion 22q11.2Le syndrome de délétion 22q11.2, appelé aussi communément syndrome de DiGeorge ou syndrome vélocardiofacial, est une pathologie en rapport avec une microdélétion de la région chromosomale dite de DiGeorge ( ()), située sur le locus 22q11 du chromosome 22, et qui entraîne la perte du gène TBX1. Les enfants porteurs de cette mutation présentent des malformations cardiaques dans 75 % des cas de type conotroncale, et des anomalies de la partie supérieure de la bouche dans 70 % des cas.
PseudohypoparathyroidismPseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Those with the condition have a low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is inappropriately high (due to the low level of calcium in the blood). Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysfunctional G Proteins (in particular, Gs alpha subunit). Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a very rare disorder, with estimated prevalence between 0.3 and 1.1 cases per 100000 population depending on geographic location.
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemiaFamilial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an inherited condition that can cause hypercalcemia, a serum calcium level typically above 10.2 mg/dL; although uncommon. It is also known as familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FBHH) where there is usually a family history of hypercalcemia which is mild, a urine calcium to creatinine ratio