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A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and air. For special tasks, balloons can be filled with smoke, liquid water, granular media (e.g. sand, flour or rice), or light sources. Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, and can come in many different colors. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder. Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications. The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824, during experiments with various gases. He invented them for use in the lab. Applications List of balloon uses Play Toy balloon Decoration

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A low-cost, autonomous mobile platform for limnological investigations, supported by high-resolution mesoscale airborne imagery

David Andrew Barry, Jérôme Béguin, Beat Marcel Geissmann, Nawaaz Sidharth Gujja Shaik, Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi, Anton Ivanov, Pascal Klaus, Ulrich Lemmin, Jean-Luc Liardon, Philippe Olivier Paccaud, Stepan Tulyakov, Htet Kyi Wynn, Ludovic Zulliger

Two complementary measurement systems – built upon an autonomous floating craft and a tethered balloon – for lake research and monitoring are presented. The autonomous vehicle was assembled on a catamaran for stability, and is capable of handling a variety of instrumentation for in situ and near-surface measurements. The catamaran hulls, each equipped with a small electric motor, support rigid decks for arranging equipment. An electric generator provides full autonomy for about 8 h. The modular power supply and instrumentation data management systems are housed in two boxes, which enable rapid setup. Due to legal restrictions in Switzerland (where the craft is routinely used), the platform must be observed from an accompanying boat while in operation. Nevertheless, the control system permits fully autonomous operation, with motion controlled by speed settings and waypoints, as well as obstacle detection. On-board instrumentation is connected to a central hub for data storage, with real-time monitoring of measurements from the accompanying boat. Measurements from the floating platform are complemented by mesoscale imaging from an instrument package attached to a He-filled balloon. The aerial package records thermal and RGB imagery, and transmits it in real-time to a ground station. The balloon can be tethered to the autonomous catamaran or to the accompanying boat. Missions can be modified according to imagery and/or catamaran measurements. Illustrative results showing the surface thermal variations of Lake Geneva demonstrate the versatility of the combined floating platform/balloon imagery system setup for limnological investigations.

2019

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A Multiscale Surface Water Temperature Data Acquisition Platform: Tests on Lake Geneva, Switzerland

David Andrew Barry, Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi, Ulrich Lemmin

An improved understanding of surface transport processes is necessary to predict sediment, pollutant and phytoplankton patterns in large lakes. Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) which may spatially and temporarily vary over the lake surface reflects meteorological and climatological forcing more than any other physical lake parameter. There are different data sources for LSWT mapping, including remote sensing and in situ measurements. The available satellite data might be suitable for detecting the large-scale thermal patterns, but not the meso- or small scale processes. Lake surface thermography, investigated in this study, has finer resolution compared to satellite images. Thermography at the meso-scale provides the ability to ground-truth satellite imagery over scales of one to several satellite image pixels. On the other hand, thermography data can be used as a control in schemes to upscale local measurements that account for the surface energy fluxes and vertical energy budget. Independently, since such data can be collected at high frequency, they can be also useful in capturing the surface signatures of meso-scale eddies and thus to quantify mixing processes. In the present study, we report results from a Balloon Launched Imaging and Monitoring Platform (BLIMP), which was developed in order to measure the LSWT at meso-scale. The BLIMP consists of a small balloon which is tethered to a boat and equipped with the thermal and RGB cameras, as well as other instrumentation for location and communication. Several deployments were carried out on Lake Geneva. In a typical deployment, the BLIMP is towed by a boat, and collects high frequency data from different heights (i.e., spatial resolutions) and locations. Simultaneous ground-truthing of the BLIMP data is achieved using an autonomous craft that collects a variety of data, including in situ surface/near surface temperatures, radiation and meteorological data in the area covered by the BLIMP images. With suitable scaling, our results show good consistency between in situ, BLIMP and concurrent satellite data. In addition, the BLIMP thermography reveals (hydrodynamically-driven) structures in the LSWT – an obvious example being mixing of river discharges.

2015

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Small-scale and mesoscale lake surface water temperature structure: Thermography and in situ measurements from Lake Geneva, Switzerland

David Andrew Barry, Damien Bouffard, Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi, Ulrich Lemmin

Lake surface water temperature (LSWT), which varies spatially and temporarily, reflects meteorological and climatological forcing more than any other physical lake parameter. There are different data sources for LSWT mapping, including remote sensing and in situ measurements. Depending on cloud cover, satellite data can depict large-scale thermal patterns, but not the meso- or small scale processes. Thermography at the meso-scale provides the ability to resolve (and hence ground-truth) satellite imagery at the sub-pixel scale. A Balloon Launched Imaging and Monitoring Platform (BLIMP) was used to measure the LSWT at the meso-scale. The BLIMP consists of a small balloon tethered to a boat and which is equipped with thermal and RGB cameras, as well as other instrumentation for location and communication. Simultaneous ground-truthing of the BLIMP data was achieved using an autonomous craft measuring a variety of data, including in situ surface/near surface temperatures, radiation and meteorological data. The latent and sensible surface heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk parameterization algorithm based on similarity theory. A feature matching-based algorithm was implemented to create composite thermal images. Results are presented for the daily stratified low wind speed (up to 3 m/s) conditions over Lake Geneva. Two field campaigns, each of ~6 h from 18 March and 19 July 2016 are presented. The mesoscale temperature field (~1-m pixel resolution) had a range and standard deviation of 2.4°C and 0.3°C, respectively, over a 1-km2 area (typical satellite pixel size). Interestingly, at the sub-pixel scale, various temporal and spatial thermal eddy structures are evident – an obvious example being streaks in the along-wind direction during March, which we hypothesize are caused by the steady ~3 h wind condition. The results also show that the spatial variability of the estimated total heat flux is due to the corresponding variability of the longwave cooling from the water surface and the latent heat flux.

2017

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