Filtre à particules

Résumé

Un filtre à particules (ou FAP) est un système de filtration utilisé pour retenir les fines particules, cancérogènes pour l'Homme. Les (PM) dans leur ensemble sont désormais classées cancérogènes pour l'homme ; elles sont contenues dans les gaz de combustion, particulièrement des cheminées à bois et des moteurs Diesel. À terme, ils devraient aussi équiper tous les systèmes de chauffage au bois pour réduire la pollution de l'air, surtout en zone d'habitat rapproché, les particules fines ayant un effet négatif notamment dans les environs immédiats de la source d'émission. Ces particules de suie sont essentiellement composées de carbone et ont typiquement une taille comprise entre et un micromètre. L'Institut Paul Scherrer indique que . Moteurs thermiques thumb|Filtre à particules installé sur une Peugeot. Histoire Les premiers filtres à particules pour moteurs Diesel ont été à l'origine développés par Daimler-Benz en 1985 pour la , afin de pouvoir répondre au

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_%C3%A0_particules

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (14)

Publications associées

Chargement

Personnes associées

Chargement

Unités associées

Chargement

Concepts associés (10)

Concepts associés

Chargement

Cours associés (11)

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (17)

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

CFD Simulations Of Pollution Control Systems: DPF and SCR

Peter Loveday

New EU and US emissions regulations require the development of advanced after- treatment systems for non-road diesel engine exhausts. To help develop these at Liebherr Machines Bulle, the use of CFD has been adopted. The pro ject used two main models: one for the dosing of fuel for the regeneration of the Diesel Particulate Filter (HC Doser model) and one for the Selective Cataylitic Reduction system (SCR model). The HC Doser model was validated against published data and in-house experimental results. Good agreement was found in all cases. The SCR model was validated against published data only, showing good qualitative agreement -spatial distribution and spray formation- but the quantitative measures - N H3 and H N N C O concentrations- still need further adjustment. Validation against in-house experimental results was not possible as the necessary experiments have not yet been carried out. After validation, the DPF model was used to evaluate and improve specfic exhaust geometry configurations at LMB. Selected case studies are presented to show the appli- cability of the models to the design process, and the derived advantages. Using the DPF model, basic research was undertaken to investigate the ifluence of the static mixer's geometry on the performance of the system during regeneration. A new mixer geometry was designed which reduced the pressure drop and increased the uniformity of the HC distribution

2011

Chargement

Vaccines currently represent one of the most effective means to control and prevent infectious diseases affecting humans and animals and have dramatically improved public health, quality of life, and life expectancy. Over the last years several conceptual and technological advances in the field of bioengineering and immunology have allowed the development of new vaccines designs. Expanding novel domains such as structural biology, human monoclonal antibody isolation, high throughput sequencing, and design of new nanocarrier delivery platforms have changed the landscape of vaccinology. These new vaccine formulations allow the design of tailor-made antigens and particulate vehicles which allow better and fine-tuned protective immune responses against known and newly emerging pathogens. Over the past decades emerging human pathogens with the potential to cause severe epidemics have become a major public health problem. The last Ebola and Zika virus epidemics demonstrated in a dramatic manner that there is an urgent need to develop prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against pathogenic emerging viruses. Most successful vaccines rely on attenuated live microorganisms to induce protective immunity. However, changed demographics and associated safety concerns makes the development of a safer alternative a priority. Subunit vaccines composed of microbial components and proteins have emerged as a suitable alternative, however they are generally less immunogenic. To address this problematic our laboratory works on the development of immunization platforms which allow 1) the development of safe recombinant subunit vaccines and 2) the rapid generation of specific monoclonal antibodies using biosynthetic immunogens without the need for prior isolation and culture of the agent. The approach evaluated in the present studies is based on a novel polymersome (PS) platform serving as nanocarrier for efficient antigen delivery and the induction of humoral immunity. The potential of PS was assessed in the context of two important human emerging pathogens form the arenavirus family that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers and of which there are neither FDA-approved vaccines not prophylactic treatments: Lassa virus (LASV), endemic in Western Africa, and Machupo virus (MACV), the causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. In a first part, we evaluated the PS platformâs capacity to enhance humoral immunity against the envelope glycoprotein 1 of LASV, (LASV GP1) that is notorious for its weak immunogenicity and poor antibody response. Immunization of mice with adjuvanted PS (LASV GP1) enhanced the quality of the humoral response to LASV GP1, eliciting antibodies with higher binding affinity to virion GP1, increased levels of polyfunctional anti-viral CD4 T cells, and the frequency of IgG-secreting B cells. PS (LASV GP1) elicited a more diverse epitope repertoire of anti-viral IgG. In a second part, we employed the PS platform in combination with single cell B cell sorting and cloning of recombinant IgG to generate a first set of species-specific mAbs against MACV. These new mAbs show exquisite specificity and negligible cross-reactivity to closely related arenaviruses in relevant techniques making them a unique and powerful tool for research and diagnostics purposes.

EPFL2017

Chargement

A hyphenated SMPS-ICPMS coupling setup: Size-resolved element specific analysis of airborne nanoparticles

Adrian Hess, Christian Ludwig, Mohamed Tarik

Physical and chemical characterization of gas borne particles in the nanometer to sub micrometer size range includes knowledge about particle size distribution and chemical composition, possibly with a high time resolution. However, most of the available techniques are offline methods and/or not able to provide such physical and chemical information simultaneously. Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) is a well established and widely used technique for determining size distribution and number concentration of such particles, within scan durations of a few minutes. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) is a highly sensitive multi element technique, allowing the determination of elemental composition with excellent defection limits and a wide dynamic concentration range. In this work, SNIPS and ICPMS were coupled to one hyphenated system which allows achieving on-line and simultaneously size and chemical information with SMPS-Lypical time resolutions. A Rotating Disk Diluter was used as sample introduction interface, and the SMPS flow concept was re designed to fulfill the requirements of both different analytical methods. The developed setup was successfully tested with a model aerosol containing airborne silver nanoparticles. Proper SMPS operation under argon atmosphere instead of air was validated. The presented setup was applied to scan the particle size range from 7 to 156 um within 120s, Similar sensitivities and efficiencies compared to that of state-of-the-art SMPS and ICPMS instruments were achieved. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Sci Ltd2015

Chargement

EPFL2017