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Concept

Développement durable

Résumé

vignette|Diagramme de Venn du développement durable, à l'intersection de trois préoccupations, dites « les trois piliers du développement durable ».Les descriptions des intersections partielles peuvent varier. Le développement durable (, parfois traduit par développement soutenable) est une conception du développement qui s'inscrit dans une perspective de long terme et en intégrant les contraintes environnementales et sociales à l'économie. Selon la définition donnée dans le rapport de la Commission mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement de l'Organisation des Nations unies, dit rapport Brundtland, où cette expression est apparue pour la première fois en 1987, . Cette notion s'est imposée à la suite de la prise de conscience progressive, depuis les années 1970, de la finitude écologique de la Terre, liée aux limites planétaires sur le long terme. La notion fait toutefois l'objet de critiques, notamment de la part des tenants de la décroissance, pour lesquels cette notion

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppement_durable

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The 2030 Agenda to assess the sustainability of campus operations: EPFL as a case study

Léa Barbey

The EPFL sustainability unit was created in 2007 to coordinate, support and propose sustainable development actions on the campus. Its 2018-2020 strategy introduced a project called CORE SUSTAINABILITY, aiming at the progressive integration of sustainability within the organization, at the heart of EPFL's core missions (education, research, innovation), but also in the various Vice-Presidencies and their departments, thus at the heart of the organization. The objective is to empower all stakeholders, by committing them to sustainability goals that they should integrate to their management and reporting tools, in order to multiply the achievements and the exposure in this field. It is important to address the question of how this integration should be conducted. This master project would analyze the use of the UNO's reference frame, namely the 2030 Agenda and its well-known seventeen Sustainable development goals (SDGs). The working hypothesis would be as follows: 1. Are SDGs an effective tool for conducting sustainability integration strategies in universities? 1.1 Do SDGs make it possible to define indicators that stakeholders consider relevant? 1.2 Do SDGs bring stakeholders together around a common notion for sustainable development? It is necessary to give a clear definition of the different notions used in that working hypothesis. "Effective" is defined as "that achieves its goal, that leads to useful results", which is understood in the sense of creating a common vision, that could then easily be implemented. For conducting this research project, and because of the limited time available, a focus on three illustrative SDGs will be done (for example: 13. Climate action, 5. Gender equality, 12. Responsible consumption and production or 7. Energy, 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure, 4. Quality education). This choice should however not erase the general theoretical frame from our minds. The methodology for this project would consist in a comparative case study on processes and reference frame choices for implementing sustainability (and more specifically by means of sustainability's indicators definition) at a university campus level. The different steps would be as follows: a) Literature review b) Review of sustainability policies at the universities c) Application of the MONET methodology (similar to the canton de Vaud methodology) to define indicators relative to those SDGs for the administrative services of EPFL: (i) distribution of the targets to the respectively responsible services; (ii) review of existing indicators at the EPFL campus level (cf. GRI reporting in 2012 and 2014) and matching to the targets at issue; (iii) participative definition (by the services) of indicator(s) for each target, based on the existing indicators listed d) Analysis of the proposed methodology for indicators definition: (i) qualitative data collection (survey and interviews with key stakeholders); (ii) qualitative data analysis (are the defined indicators seen as relevant by the stakeholders? Do stakeholders share a common vision of the notion of sustainability?) e) Comparative analysis of another methodology for indicators definition (in another university): (i) quantitative analysis: are the selected indicators similar? (ii) qualitative analysis: are the defined indicators seen as relevant by the stakeholders? Do the stakeholders share a common vision of the notion of sustainability?

2020

Chargement

Research problem: Housing is responsible for a considerable part of global resource consumption. In Switzerland, it accounts for almost one third of the country's CO2 emissions and half of the total energy demand. Thus, housing plays an important role in the transition to sustainable development. Housing has been thoroughly studied from a disciplinary perspective, e.g., economics, social sciences, psychology, engineering. However, little attention has been paid to housing as a system of interrelated actors, e.g., developers, owners, tenants and state, whose actions might be described by different disciplines. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to investigate how a change in the construction practices of property owners in combination to a more space-efficient allocation of dwellings to households and a behavioural change of tenants can achieve a substantial reduction in the environmental impact of housing. This dissertation focuses on the interrelations of housing actors, concentrating mainly on the property owners and explores which measures and to what extent can lead to a reduction of space consumption of housing.Methods: Housing is characterised by a high level of complexity, therefore a transdisciplinary approach is adopted. Firstly, the Swiss housing market and its unique attributes are studied. However, in this thesis, we study a subset of the Swiss rental housing market; it comprises two housing cooperatives: ABZ in Zurich and SCHL in Lausanne as well as the insurer and asset manager Swiss Mobiliar. Their housing stocks, of approximately 10,000 dwellings, are examined in depth and are used as a case study. Extensive data gathering allowed to create an exhaustive inventory of the building stock of the three property owners. The data on tenants was limited, thus, we conducted a tenant survey. Furthermore, a series of workshops with both tenants and property owners were organised to study their decision-making processes. A bottom-up agent-based model (ABM) is built, which portrays the case study housing system. The main actors of the rental housing market (property owners and households) are represented in the model by agents; the owner agents make decisions about their building stock and tenants, while the household agents choose a dwelling based on their needs and housing preferences. The dynamic evolution of both owners and households and the interaction between them is simulated in the model and allows the study of emergent phenomena. The present thesis attempts the assessment of the environmental impact of housing through the lens of housing sufficiency. Space consumption, in terms of dwelling surface and floor area per capita, is considered as the largest determinant of resource consumption.Results: The simulation results show that measures taken to decrease the environmental impact of housing and space consumption are inadequate if owners do not change their construction practices and households do not actively change their housing behaviour. Most measures explored in this thesis, if implemented individually, succeed in reducing the rate of increase in space consumption but fail to reverse the upward trend. A more space-efficient allocation of dwellings to households proves to have a certain effect. However, only when combined with other measures, such as the densification of the existing building stock and a change in construction practices, a significant decrease of environmental impact is observed.

EPFL2022

Chargement

Environmental policies: designing acceptable road pricing and voluntary waste sorting schemes

Linda Melina Tesauro

Growing urban population implies many challenges for the municipalities in terms of mobility, housing, waste management or infrastructures. Public policies are thus needed to ensure a sustainable development. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze different environmental policies in the domain of mobility and waste management in order to help municipalities in designing more efficient measures.Firstly, Chapter 2 focuses on traffic congestion and in particular the acceptability of a congestion charge. We design a large survey with different plausible schemes for the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland and assess their acceptability with a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results show that public support depends crucially on the policy design and the information provided. We find an important demand for exemptions and a preference for constant pricing. This implies a clear trade-off between efficiency and acceptability. However, the gap can be partly closed by information provision. Analyzing heterogeneity, we observe that preferences vary according to personal characteristics, especially where people live and how they commute.Chapter 3 analyzes the determinants of households' municipal waste sorting. We design a survey to investigate households' sorting motivation and use a DCE to assess households' waste sorting scheme preferences in the Canton of Geneva. We observe that households' waste sorting depends on personal characteristics such as sensitivity to the environment, guilty conscience or information level. However, it is the satisfaction with the existing sorting scheme that increases most the probability to sort waste. Our results show clear preferences for better infrastructures, but with thresholds. Interestingly, the best infrastructures and services are not always needed. By looking at heterogeneity and linking personal beliefs and characteristics with preferences, we find different groups sorting a similar number of categories, but with different underlying mechanisms like a lack of knowledge or a need for more convenient infrastructures and services.To complement our analysis on voluntary policies and in particular on the effectiveness of convenient infrastructures, Chapter 4 assesses a new voluntary environmental policy implemented in the Canton of Geneva and compares the results with a bag tax, a monetary incentive policy introduced in the neighboring canton, Vaud. The voluntary policy consists of the distribution to households of specific bins for organic waste to increase the sorting rate and decrease the amount of unsorted waste. We use a difference-in-differences methodology to assess the causal impact of the policy on organic waste as well as on overall waste generation. We find that the introduction of the voluntary policy increases significantly the proportion of households sorting organic waste. Interestingly, we observe some positive spillover effects on other waste sorted. By comparing the voluntary policy in the Canton of Geneva and the bag tax in the Canton of Vaud, we find similar effects on organic waste sorting. However, the impact of the voluntary policy is smaller on unsorted waste than the short-term effect of the bag tax.In conclusion, we show that price is not the only factor to consider in environmental policies. More stringent policies can be acceptable if well designed. Furthermore, the power of non-monetary incentives should not be underestimated.

EPFL2022

Chargement

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Environmental policies: designing acceptable road pricing and voluntary waste sorting schemes

Linda Melina Tesauro

EPFL2022

The 2030 Agenda to assess the sustainability of campus operations: EPFL as a case study

Léa Barbey

2020

EPFL2022