CiliopathieA ciliopathy is any genetic disorder that affects the cellular cilia or the cilia anchoring structures, the basal bodies, or ciliary function. Primary cilia are important in guiding the process of development, so abnormal ciliary function while an embryo is developing can lead to a set of malformations that can occur regardless of the particular genetic problem. The similarity of the clinical features of these developmental disorders means that they form a recognizable cluster of syndromes, loosely attributed to abnormal ciliary function and hence called ciliopathies.
Lingual papillaeLingual papillae (: papilla) are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture. The four types of papillae on the human tongue have different structures and are accordingly classified as circumvallate (or vallate), fungiform, filiform, and foliate. All except the filiform papillae are associated with taste buds. In living subjects, lingual papillae are more readily seen when the tongue is dry. There are four types of papillae present on the tongue: Filiform papillae are the most numerous of the lingual papillae.
Tonsillevignette|Schéma de la bouche ouverte et de l'oropharynx montrant les tonsilles palatines. Les tonsilles (du latin tonsillæ : « amygdales », « glandes de la gorge » ; probablement issu du terme tonsilla, signifiant « poteau pour amarrer une barque »), plus connues sous le nom courant d’amygdales en ancienne nomenclature (du grec ancien ἀμυγδάλη, amygdálê, qui signifie « amande »), sont les organes lymphatiques de la gorge, en partie visibles au fond de la bouche.
