HémiparésieUne hémiparésie est un terme médical utilisé pour désigner une parésie du côté droit ou gauche du corps, le plus souvent dans le contexte d'une affection neurologique. Il s'agit d'un handicap moteur sequelaire souvent dû à un accident vasculaire cérébral, ou d'un avc lors de la grossesse ou durant l'enfance, entrainant la paralysie partielle d'un hémicorps et plus ou moins accentué sur certains membres (bras en retrait, jambe boutante).
Clinical neuropsychologyClinical neuropsychology is a sub-field of psychology concerned with the applied science of brain-behaviour relationships. Clinical neuropsychologists use this knowledge in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and or rehabilitation of patients across the lifespan with neurological, medical, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, as well as other cognitive and learning disorders. The branch of neuropsychology associated with children and young people is pediatric neuropsychology.
Penetrating head injuryA penetrating head injury, or open head injury, is a head injury in which the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges, is breached. Penetrating injury can be caused by high-velocity projectiles or objects of lower velocity such as knives, or bone fragments from a skull fracture that are driven into the brain. Head injuries caused by penetrating trauma are serious medical emergencies and may cause permanent disability or death. A penetrating head injury involves "a wound in which an object breaches the cranium but does not exit it.
Primary and secondary brain injuryPrimary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), primary brain injury occurs during the initial insult, and results from displacement of the physical structures of the brain. Secondary brain injury occurs gradually and may involve an array of cellular processes. Secondary injury, which is not caused by mechanical damage, can result from the primary injury or be independent of it.
Abnormal posturingAbnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury. It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. The posturing may also occur without a stimulus. Since posturing is an important indicator of the amount of damage that has occurred to the brain, it is used by medical professionals to measure the severity of a coma with the Glasgow Coma Scale (for adults) and the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (for infants).
Amnésie post-traumatiqueL'amnésie post-traumatique s'observe parfois à la suite d'un choc à la tête, mais aussi à la suite d'un choc émotionnel important. Elle se caractérise par un état confusionnel après l'incident, une amnésie rétrograde qui est souvent liée à un mauvais décodage des informations et quelquefois une amnésie antérograde affectant les souvenirs les plus récents et moins consolidés. C'est l'un des différents syndromes de stress post-traumatique existants.
Stimulation transcrânienne à courant directLa stimulation transcrânienne à courant direct ou stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (tDCS) est une technique d’électrostimulation du cerveau, ou stimulation électrique transcrânienne (tES). Elle permet de moduler l'excitabilité corticospinale : deux électrodes, une anode (excitatrice) et une cathode (inhibitrice), sont positionnées sur le crâne en fonction des régions dont on souhaite influencer le fonctionnement.
Nerve injuryNerve injury is an injury to nervous tissue. There is no single classification system that can describe all the many variations of nerve injuries. In 1941, Seddon introduced a classification of nerve injuries based on three main types of nerve fiber injury and whether there is continuity of the nerve. Usually, however, peripheral nerve injuries are classified in five stages, based on the extent of damage to both the nerve and the surrounding connective tissue, since supporting glial cells may be involved.
Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)Rehabilitation of sensory and cognitive function typically involves methods for retraining neural pathways or training new neural pathways to regain or improve neurocognitive functioning that have been diminished by disease or trauma. The main objective outcome for rehabilitation is to assist in regaining physical abilities and improving performance. Three common neuropsychological problems treatable with rehabilitation are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), concussion, and spinal cord injury.
Post-traumatic epilepsyPost-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a form of acquired epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain (traumatic brain injury, abbreviated TBI). A person with PTE experiences repeated post-traumatic seizures (PTS, seizures that result from TBI) more than a week after the initial injury. PTE is estimated to constitute 5% of all cases of epilepsy and over 20% of cases of acquired epilepsy (in which seizures are caused by an identifiable organic brain condition).
