Enlightened self-interestEnlightened self-interest is a philosophy in ethics which states that persons who act to further the interests of others (or the interests of the group or groups to which they belong) ultimately serve their own self-interest. It has often been simply expressed by the belief that an individual, group, or even a commercial entity will "do well by doing good". The term enlightened self-interest has been criticised as a mere ideological or semantic device of neoclassical economic theory to justify this type of behaviour.
Altruism (ethics)In ethical philosophy, altruism (also called the ethic of altruism, moralistic altruism, and ethical altruism) is an ethical doctrine that holds that the moral value of an individual's actions depends solely on the impact of those actions on other individuals, regardless of the consequences for the actor. James Fieser states the altruist dictum as: "An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent.
Self-interestSelf-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self. Most times, actions that display self-interest are often performed without conscious knowing. A number of philosophical, psychological, and economic theories examine the role of self-interest in motivating human action. Individuals may have a self-serving bias towards their self-interest. Philosophical concepts concerned with self-interest include: Enlightened self-interest, a philosophy which states that acting to further the interests of others also serves one's own self-interest.
Psychological egoismPsychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from so doing. This is a descriptive rather than normative view, since it only makes claims about how things are, not how they “ought to be” according to some.
Ethical egoismIn ethical philosophy, ethical egoism is the normative position that moral agents ought to act in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. Ethical egoism holds, therefore, that actions whose consequences will benefit the doer are ethical. Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help others.
La Grève (roman d'Ayn Rand)La Grève (titre original en anglais : Atlas Shrugged, littéralement : « Atlas haussa les épaules ») est un roman écrit par Ayn Rand et publié en 1957 aux États-Unis. Il s'agit de son plus important roman. Selon une étude de la bibliothèque du Congrès américain et du Book of the month club menée dans les années 1990, ce livre est aux États-Unis le livre le plus influent sur les sondés, après la Bible.
Égoïsmethumb|, caricature dans Le Bon Genre, vers 1800. L'égoïsme est un trait de caractère qui consiste, dans une définition populaire, à avoir tendance à privilégier son intérêt propre aux dépens de celui du reste du monde en général, ou d'autrui en particulier. Toutefois, ce terme peut revêtir une signification particulière en philosophie selon les auteurs ; certains s'en revendiquent ouvertement. Des doctrines annexes y sont fréquemment associées, péjorativement ou non, notamment le solipsisme, le nihilisme, l’hédonisme et l'individualisme anarchiste.
SelfishnessSelfishness is being concerned excessively or exclusively, for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others. Selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness; and has also been contrasted (as by C. S. Lewis) with self-centeredness. The implications of selfishness have inspired divergent views within religious, philosophical, psychological, economic, and evolutionary contexts.
AltruismeLe mot altruisme et l'adjectif altruiste s'appliquent aujourd'hui à un comportement caractérisé à s'intéresser et à se dévouer à autrui, ne procurant pas d'avantages apparents et immédiats à l'individu qui les exécute mais qui sont bénéfiques à d'autres individus et peuvent favoriser surtout à long terme un vivre-ensemble et une reconnaissance mutuelle au sein du groupe où il est présent, bien que l'altruisme brut soit néanmoins un acte ne demandant rien en retour. Le terme « altruisme » est employé pour la première fois par Auguste Comte.
Ayn RandAyn Rand , de son vrai nom Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum (en Али́са Зино́вьевна Розенба́ум ), est une philosophe, scénariste et romancière américaine d'origine russe, juive athée, née le à Saint-Pétersbourg et morte le à New York. Ayn Rand est connue pour sa philosophie objectiviste. Elle a écrit de nombreux essais philosophiques sur des concepts tenant de la pensée libérale, comme la liberté, la justice sociale, la propriété ou l'État et dont le principal est La Vertu d'égoïsme (en en langue originale).
