Conception subjective de la valeur

The subjective theory of value is an economic theory for explaining how the value of goods and services are not only set but also how they can fluctuate over time. Its development helped to better understand human action and decision making in economics. The theory follows that the value of any good is not determined by the inherent property of the good, nor by the cumulative value of components or labour needed to produce or manufacture it, but instead is determined by the individuals or entities who are buying or selling the object in question. Because of this notion, a good's value may also increase substantially since its creation, in that the good is perceived as being of greater importance, or more desirable than before. There are many variables that can influence this process, including, but not limited to, changes in age, personal affinity, cultural significance, scarcity, as well as situational circumstances. One can note that this trend is often seen in collectable items such as cars, vinyl records, and comic books. An additional variable, as Austrian economist Carl Menger pointed out, is the estimation of a goods value due to uncertainty and lack of knowledge, in which people "sometimes estimate the importance of various satisfactions in a manner contrary to their real importance". The theory belongs to a set of economic theories from the marginal revolution, an intellectual period representing a departure from classical economics, and its related theories, particularly the labour theory of value. The modern version of the subjective theory of value was created independently and nearly simultaneously by William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, and Carl Menger in the late 19th century. Due to its development, the theory has helped explain why the value of non-essential goods can be higher than essential ones, whilst also understanding how relatively expensive goods can have low production costs.

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Il existe plusieurs définitions de la valeur selon le courant de pensée économique. Elles se rattachent à deux conceptions principales qui donnent au mot « valeur » des sens radicalement différents, et impliquent deux conceptions différentes de la relation entre valeur et prix. La conception subjective définit la valeur comme l'expression de l'intérêt qu'un agent particulier porte à un bien ou à un service, qui résulte d'un processus psychologique d'évaluation.

Conception subjective de la valeur

La conception subjective de la valeur est une conception de la valeur en économie qui postule que, . Elle reconnaît également qu'un objet peut répondre aux besoins d'un individu et non d'un autre. Le voit s'affronter des économistes au sujet de la nature de la valeur et des causes de la valeur. Adam Smith propose une théorie dite de la valeur-travail, c'est-à-dire que la valeur d'un bien correspond à la quantité de travail qui a été requise pour le fabriquer.

Theory of value (economics)

A theory of value is any economic theory that attempts to explain the exchange value or price of goods and services. Key questions in economic theory include why goods and services are priced as they are, how the value of goods and services comes about, and—for normative value theories—how to calculate the correct price of goods and services (if such a value exists). A major question that has eluded economists since the earliest of publications was one of price.

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