Summum bonumSummum bonum (« souverain bien » en latin) est une locution latine utilisée en philosophie pour décrire l', l'objectif final recherché par tout être humain. La summum bonum est généralement considérée comme une fin en soi. En philosophie chrétienne, la summum bonum est typiquement définie comme étant la droiture, une vie vécue en communion avec Dieu en respectant ses préceptes. Laurent Gallois, Le souverain bien chez Kant, Vrin, 2008 Marceline Morais, Le souverain bien et la fin dernière de la philosophie.
Moral agencyMoral agency is an individual's ability to make moral choices based on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions. A moral agent is "a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong." Most philosophers suggest only rational beings, who can reason and form self-interested judgments, are capable of being moral agents. Some suggest those with limited rationality (for example, people who are mildly mentally disabled or infants) also have some basic moral capabilities.
Position originellevignette|Représentation visuelle de l'hypothétique situation de choix rationnel du philosophe John Rawls, la position originale. La position originelle (PO) est une situation hypothétique développée par le philosophe américain John Rawls comme expérience de pensée pour remplacer la fiction de l'état de nature de philosophes politiques antérieurs comme Thomas Hobbes. Dans la position originelle, les parties choisissent les principes qui détermineront la structure de base de la société dans laquelle ils vont vivre.
Rule utilitarianismRule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance". Philosophers Richard Brandt and Brad Hooker are major proponents of such an approach. For rule utilitarians, the correctness of a rule is determined by the amount of good it brings about when followed.
Act utilitarianismAct utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that specific situation. Classical utilitarians, including Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick, define happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. To understand how act utilitarianism works, compare the consequences of watching television all day tomorrow to the consequences of doing charity work tomorrow.
Preference utilitarianismPreference utilitarianism (also known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. It is distinct from original utilitarianism in that it values actions that fulfill the most personal interests, as opposed to actions that generate the most pleasure. Unlike classical utilitarianism, in which right actions are defined as those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain, preference utilitarianism entails promoting actions that fulfil the interests (i.e., preferences) of those beings involved.
Aristippe de CyrèneAristippe de Cyrène (en grec ancien / Aristippos) est un philosophe grec (vers , mort en ). Disciple de Socrate à Athènes, il est le fondateur en de l'école dite cyrénaïque, d'abord localisée à Cyrène (Libye), dont l'orientation principale est l'hédonisme. Il eut une fille, Arété de Cyrène, qui fut disciple de son école et lui succéda. Son petit-fils Aristippe le Jeune fut un autre dirigeant de l'école des cyrénaïques.
Ethical dilemmaIn philosophy, ethical dilemmas, also called ethical paradoxes or moral dilemmas, are situations in which an agent stands under two (or more) conflicting moral requirements, none of which overrides the other. A closely related definition characterizes ethical dilemmas as situations in which every available choice is wrong. The term is also used in a wider sense in everyday language to refer to ethical conflicts that may be resolvable, to psychologically difficult choices or to other types of difficult ethical problems.
Objection de l'exigenceL'objection de l'exigence est un argument commun contre l'utilitarisme et d'autres éthiques conséquentialistes. Il souligne que maximiser le bien oblige à accomplir des actes que nous considérerions normalement comme facultatifs. Par exemple, si nous faisons plus de bien globalement en donnant nos revenus aux organisations caritatives plutôt qu'en les dépensant pour nous-mêmes, nous sommes tenus moralement de le faire selon l'utilitarisme. Cela s'oppose à notre intuition morale habituelle, considérant un tel acte comme surérogatoire (i.
Brad HookerBrad Hooker (born 13 September 1957) is a British-American philosopher who specialises in moral philosophy. He is a professor at the University of Reading and is best known for his work defending rule consequentialism (often treated as being synonymous with rule utilitarianism). His book Ideal Code, Real World received a number of favourable reviews from high-profile philosophers. Derek Parfit, for example, wrote: "This book seems to me the best statement and defence, so far, of one of the most important moral theories.
