Symétrie centralethumb|upright=0.7|Symétrie centrale plane dans une carte à jouer : sur la carte figure le roi de cœur et son symétrique par rapport au centre de cette dernière. En géométrie, une symétrie centrale est une transformation d'un espace affine. Elle se réalise à partir d'un point fixe noté Ω appelé centre de symétrie. Elle transforme tout point M en un point M' tel que le point Ω soit le milieu du segment [MM']. En termes de vecteurs, cela se traduit par : Comme toute symétrie, c'est une involution, c'est-à-dire qu'on retrouve le point ou la figure de départ si on l'applique deux fois.
Regular skew polyhedronIn geometry, the regular skew polyhedra are generalizations to the set of regular polyhedra which include the possibility of nonplanar faces or vertex figures. Coxeter looked at skew vertex figures which created new 4-dimensional regular polyhedra, and much later Branko Grünbaum looked at regular skew faces. Infinite regular skew polyhedra that span 3-space or higher are called regular skew apeirohedra. According to Coxeter, in 1926 John Flinders Petrie generalized the concept of regular skew polygons (nonplanar polygons) to regular skew polyhedra.
One-dimensional symmetry groupA one-dimensional symmetry group is a mathematical group that describes symmetries in one dimension (1D). A pattern in 1D can be represented as a function f(x) for, say, the color at position x. The only nontrivial point group in 1D is a simple reflection. It can be represented by the simplest Coxeter group, A1, [ ], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram . Affine symmetry groups represent translation. Isometries which leave the function unchanged are translations x + a with a such that f(x + a) = f(x) and reflections a − x with a such that f(a − x) = f(x).
Goursat tetrahedronIn geometry, a Goursat tetrahedron is a tetrahedral fundamental domain of a Wythoff construction. Each tetrahedral face represents a reflection hyperplane on 3-dimensional surfaces: the 3-sphere, Euclidean 3-space, and hyperbolic 3-space. Coxeter named them after Édouard Goursat who first looked into these domains. It is an extension of the theory of Schwarz triangles for Wythoff constructions on the sphere. A Goursat tetrahedron can be represented graphically by a tetrahedral graph, which is in a dual configuration of the fundamental domain tetrahedron.
Polyhedral groupIn geometry, the polyhedral group is any of the symmetry groups of the Platonic solids. There are three polyhedral groups: The tetrahedral group of order 12, rotational symmetry group of the regular tetrahedron. It is isomorphic to A4. The conjugacy classes of T are: identity 4 × rotation by 120°, order 3, cw 4 × rotation by 120°, order 3, ccw 3 × rotation by 180°, order 2 The octahedral group of order 24, rotational symmetry group of the cube and the regular octahedron. It is isomorphic to S4.
Hyperoctahedral groupIn mathematics, a hyperoctahedral group is an important type of group that can be realized as the group of symmetries of a hypercube or of a cross-polytope. It was named by Alfred Young in 1930. Groups of this type are identified by a parameter n, the dimension of the hypercube. As a Coxeter group it is of type B_n = C_n, and as a Weyl group it is associated to the symplectic groups and with the orthogonal groups in odd dimensions. As a wreath product it is where S_n is the symmetric group of degree n.
Icosahedral symmetryIn mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron. Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120.
Orbifold notationIn geometry, orbifold notation (or orbifold signature) is a system, invented by the mathematician William Thurston and promoted by John Conway, for representing types of symmetry groups in two-dimensional spaces of constant curvature. The advantage of the notation is that it describes these groups in a way which indicates many of the groups' properties: in particular, it follows William Thurston in describing the orbifold obtained by taking the quotient of Euclidean space by the group under consideration.
Dihedral symmetry in three dimensionsIn geometry, dihedral symmetry in three dimensions is one of three infinite sequences of point groups in three dimensions which have a symmetry group that as an abstract group is a dihedral group Dihn (for n ≥ 2). There are 3 types of dihedral symmetry in three dimensions, each shown below in 3 notations: Schönflies notation, Coxeter notation, and orbifold notation. Chiral Dn, [n,2]+, (22n) of order 2n – dihedral symmetry or para-n-gonal group (abstract group: Dihn).
Cyclic symmetry in three dimensionsIn three dimensional geometry, there are four infinite series of point groups in three dimensions (n≥1) with n-fold rotational or reflectional symmetry about one axis (by an angle of 360°/n) that does not change the object. They are the finite symmetry groups on a cone. For n = ∞ they correspond to four frieze groups. Schönflies notation is used. The terms horizontal (h) and vertical (v) imply the existence and direction of reflections with respect to a vertical axis of symmetry.
