Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contacted, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems. Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), glutamate, nitric oxide, botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), tetanus toxin, and tetrodotoxin. Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive concentrations.
Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or communication between neurons across a synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage. Macroscopic manifestations of neurotoxin exposure can include widespread central nervous system damage such as intellectual disability, persistent memory impairments, epilepsy, and dementia. Additionally, neurotoxin-mediated peripheral nervous system damage such as neuropathy or myopathy is common. Support has been shown for a number of treatments aimed at attenuating neurotoxin-mediated injury, such as antioxidant and antitoxin administration.
Exposure to neurotoxins in society is not new, as civilizations have been exposed to neurologically destructive compounds for thousands of years. One notable example is the possible significant lead exposure during the Roman Empire resulting from the development of extensive plumbing networks and the habit of boiling vinegared wine in lead pans to sweeten it, the process generating lead acetate, known as "sugar of lead".
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La strychnine est un alcaloïde très toxique extrait de la noix vomique, graine de l'arbre Strychnos nux-vomica. À très faible concentration, comme beaucoup d'alcaloïdes, il est utilisé en pharmacie pour ses propriétés stimulantes. Il était autrefois utilisé dans la lutte contre les corbeaux et les petits rongeurs. En France, la strychnine est interdite depuis 1982 dans la médecine humaine, et retirée de la vente comme raticide depuis 1999. Deux pharmaciens français, Pierre Joseph Pelletier et Joseph Caventou isolèrent la strychnine en 1818.
La tétrodotoxine (TTX) est une toxine neurotoxique isolée pour la première fois en 1909 et présente chez certaines espèces de poisson, dont le Fugu, mais également chez des bactéries. Elle a aussi été isolée dans d'autres espèces incluant le triton de Californie, certaines grenouilles (Atelopus varius varius, A. varius ambulatorius, etc.), certains crabes ( lAtergatis), chez des étoiles de mer de la famille des Astropecten, chez le poulpe à anneaux bleus et chez des limaces de mer (Babylonia japonica, Charonia sauliae, Tufufa lissostoma).
Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system (CNS) function.
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