PhagothérapieLa phagothérapie est l'utilisation de virus bactériophages (généralement appelés bactériophages ou simplement phages) lytiques afin de traiter certaines maladies infectieuses d’origine bactérienne. Le traitement bactériophagique a été largement utilisé dans le monde avant la découverte des antibiotiques. Si elle a été progressivement abandonnée par les pays occidentaux séduits par les avantages de l’antibiothérapie, la phagothérapie traditionnelle est toujours employée et développée dans les pays de l'ancienne Union soviétique.
CéphalosporineLes céphalosporines sont une classe d'antibiotiques β-lactamines. Avec les céphamycines, ils forment le sous-groupe des céphems. Les céphalosporines ont été isolées de cultures de Cephalosporium acremonium issues d'égouts de Cagliari en Sardaigne en 1948 par le scientifique Italien Giuseppe Brotzu. Il a remarqué que ces cultures produisaient des substances agissant sur Salmonella typhi, l'agent responsable de la fièvre typhoïde. Les chercheurs de Sir William Dunn School of Pathology de l'Université d'Oxford ont isolé la céphalosporine C.
Bacterial taxonomyBacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species is assigned to a genus resulting in a two-part name. This name denotes the two lowest levels in a hierarchy of ranks, increasingly larger groupings of species based on common traits. Of these ranks, domains are the most general level of categorization. Presently, scientists classify all life into just three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea.
Pseudomonas putidaPseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, saprophytic soil bacterium. It has a versatile metabolism and is amenable to genetic manipulation, making it a common organism used in research, bioremediation, and synthesis of chemicals and other compounds. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed P. putida strain KT2440 as Host-vector system safety level 1 certified (HV-1), indicating that it is safe to use without any extra precautions. Thus, use of P.
Extracellular polymeric substanceExtracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in the matrix of biofilms provides compositional support and protection of microbial communities from the harsh environments. Components of EPS can be of different classes of polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and minerals.
Alginic acidAlginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium, its salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms. It is a significant component of the biofilms produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen found in the lungs of some people who have cystic fibrosis.
Type III secretion systemThe type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. The T3SS is a needle-like protein complex found in several species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. This secretion system is distinguished from at least five other secretion systems found in gram-negative bacteria.
