In theoretical physics, a central charge is an operator Z that commutes with all the other symmetry operators. The adjective "central" refers to the center of the symmetry group—the subgroup of elements that commute with all other elements of the original group—often embedded within a Lie algebra. In some cases, such as two-dimensional conformal field theory, a central charge may also commute with all of the other operators, including operators that are not symmetry generators.
More precisely, the central charge is the charge that corresponds, by Noether's theorem, to the center of the central extension of the symmetry group.
In theories with supersymmetry, this definition can be generalized to include supergroups and Lie superalgebras. A central charge is any operator which commutes with all the other supersymmetry generators. Theories with extended supersymmetry typically have many operators of this kind. In string theory, in the first quantized formalism, these operators also have the interpretation of winding numbers (topological quantum numbers) of various strings and branes.
In conformal field theory, the central charge is a c-number (commutes with every other operator) term that appears in the commutator of two components of the stress–energy tensor.
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thumb|Exemple de charge atomique : ici un atome d'hélium. Ses deux protons (bleu) et ses deux neutrons (rouge) forment son noyau ; deux électrons orbitant (sinusoïdes) complètent sa charge. En physique, une charge peut faire référence à différentes quantités, telle que la charge électrique en électromagnétisme ou la charge de couleur en chromodynamique quantique. Les charges sont associées aux nombres quantiques conservés. D'une façon plus abstraite, une charge est un générateur quelconque d'une symétrie continue du système physique étudié.
Couvre des sujets avancés dans la théorie quantique des champs, y compris les représentations du groupe Poincaré et la construction d'irreps unitaires.
Couvre les exercices sur les opérateurs d'échelle, l'invariance de Lorentz, les charges de Noether et la symétrie de garde en théorie quantique des champs.
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