Vietnamese phonologyThe phonology of Vietnamese features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant phonemes used in Vietnamese's Southern dialect, and 4 exclusive to the Northern dialect. Vietnamese also has 14 vowel nuclei, and 6 tones that are integral to the interpretation of the language. Older interpretations of Vietnamese tones differentiated between "sharp" and "heavy" entering and departing tones. This article is a technical description of the sound system of the Vietnamese language, including phonetics and phonology.
HokkienThe Hokkien (ˈhɒkiɛn) is a variety of Chinese language. It is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. In Chinese linguistics, these languages are known by their classification under the Quanzhang division () of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.
Rime tableA rime table or rhyme table () is a Chinese phonological model, tabulating the syllables of the series of rime dictionaries beginning with the Qieyun (601) by their onsets, rhyme groups, tones and other properties. The method gave a significantly more precise and systematic account of the sounds of those dictionaries than the previously used analysis, but many of its details remain obscure. The phonological system that is implicit in the rime dictionaries and analysed in the rime tables is known as Middle Chinese, and is the traditional starting point for efforts to recover the sounds of early forms of Chinese.
Tone nameIn tonal languages, tone names are the names given to the tones these languages use. In contemporary standard Chinese (Mandarin), the tones are numbered from 1 to 4. They are descended from but not identical to the historical four tones of Middle Chinese, namely level (), rising (), departing (), and entering (), each split into yin () and yang () registers, and the categories of high and low syllables. Standard Vietnamese has six tones, known as ngang, sắc, huyền, hỏi, ngã, and nặng tones.
Rime dictionaryA rime dictionary, rhyme dictionary, or rime book () is an ancient type of Chinese dictionary that collates characters by tone and rhyme, instead of by radical. The most important rime dictionary tradition began with the Qieyun (601), which codified correct pronunciations for reading the classics and writing poetry by combining the reading traditions of north and south China. This work became very popular during the Tang dynasty, and went through a series of revisions and expansions, of which the most famous is the Guangyun (1007–1008).
Prononciation du mandarin standardLa prononciation officielle du mandarin, fait l'objet du présent article. Les différents dialectes mandarins s'en écartent parfois largement, tant pour les sons que pour les tons. Le mandarin, comme nombre de langues extrême-orientales (vietnamien, thaï...), est monosyllabique : non pas que chaque mot se réduise à une syllabe mais surtout parce que chaque caractère de l'écriture (ou sinogramme ; consulter surtout Prononciation et sémantisme des sinogrammes pour une approche liée au système d'écriture) note une syllabe (sauf un, le suffixe -er) et qu'à chaque syllabe correspond un morphème (lexical ou grammatical).
Mandarin standardLe mandarin standard () est la langue officielle en Chine (RPC), à Taïwan et à Singapour. À ce titre, il a fait l'objet de codification (prononciation, grammaire), et est la langue parlée généralement enseignée. Il ne doit pas être confondu avec le mandarin lui-même ( ou ) qui est la langue parlée généralement dans le Nord, le centre et le Sud-Est de la Chine continentale. Le mandarin standard est cependant largement basé sur le mandarin de Pékin. Ils s'écrivent tous en baihua, la langue chinoise écrite vernaculaire.
Groupe consonantiqueEn linguistique, un groupe consonantique est une séquence de consonnes sans voyelle. Par exemple, le groupe consonantique /st/ commence le mot stage. Certains linguistes font valoir que le concept d'un groupe consonantique ne s'applique qu'aux consonnes dans une syllabe plutôt que dans un mot entier. D'autres font valoir le contraire, que le concept est plus utile quand il est plus général. La phonotaxe d'une langue décide quels groupes consonantiques sont permis.
Tone (linguistics)Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Languages that have this feature are called tonal languages; the distinctive tone patterns of such a language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with phoneme.
CantoneseCantonese () is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese group, which has over 82.4 million native speakers. While the term Cantonese specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but partially mutually intelligible varieties like Taishanese.
