Sailing ship tactics

Sailing ship tactics were the naval tactics employed by sailing ships in contrast to galley tactics employed by oared vessels. This article focuses on the period from c. 1500 to the mid-19th century, after which sailing warships were replaced with steam-powered ironclads. Since ancient times, war at sea had been fought much as on land: with melee weapons and bows and arrows, but on floating wooden platforms rather than battlefields. Though the introduction of guns was a significant change, it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship-to-ship combat. The first guns on ships were small wrought-iron pieces mounted on the open decks and in the fighting tops, often requiring only one or two men to handle them. They were designed to injure, kill or simply stun, shock and frighten the enemy prior to boarding. As guns were made more durable to withstand stronger gunpowder charges, they increased their potential to inflict critical damage to the vessel rather than just its crew. Since these guns were much heavier than the earlier anti-personnel weapons, they had to be placed lower in the ships, and fire from gunports, to avoid ships becoming unstable. In Northern Europe the technique of building ships with clinker planking made it difficult to cut ports in the hull; clinker-built (or clench-built) ships had much of their structural strength in the outer hull. The solution was the gradual adoption of carvel-built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship. The development of propulsion during the 15th century from single-masted, square-rigged cogs to three-masted carracks with a mix of square and lateen sails made ships nimbler and easier to manoeuvre. Gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501. According to tradition the inventor was a Breton shipwright called Descharges, but it is just as likely to have been a gradual adaptation of loading ports in the stern of merchant vessels that had already been in use for centuries.

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Navire amiral

Navire amiral ou vaisseau amiral est le terme militaire désignant le navire de l'officier de marine au grade le plus élevé de la flotte, amiral étant le grade le plus élevé. La coutume veut que ce navire batte un pavillon distinctif le rendant aisément reconnaissable de sa flotte. Ce terme est une désignation provisoire non attachée à un seul et même bateau, cependant, il désigne généralement le navire le plus imposant, le plus rapide ou celui disposant des meilleurs moyens de communication, car c'est souvent celui choisi par l'amiral.

Naval tactics

Naval tactics and doctrine is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy ship or fleet in battle at sea during naval warfare, the naval equivalent of military tactics on land. Naval tactics are distinct from naval strategy. Naval tactics are concerned with the movements a commander makes in battle, typically in the presence of the enemy. Naval strategy concerns the overall strategy for achieving victory and the large movements by which a commandant or commander secures the advantage of fighting at a place convenient to himself.

Ligne de bataille

thumb|350px|Une escadre française en ligne de bataille, peinture par François Roux. Une ligne de bataille désigne une formation de combat utilisée dans la marine militaire à voile consistant à ranger pour le combat les vaisseaux de haut rang les uns derrière les autres de manière aussi serrée que la manœuvre le permet pour échanger des tirs de flanc avec une ligne adverse qui progresse soit en parallèle, soit en sens contraire, sur bâbord ou sur tribord.

Technologie du bâtiment III AR-241: Building technology III

Couvre le comportement des supports, des dalles de béton armé, l'estimation des charges, l'étude de cas et l'analyse des parois de cisaillement.