The Nixon shock was a series of economic measures undertaken by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971, in response to increasing inflation, the most significant of which were wage and price freezes, surcharges on imports, and the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold.
Although Nixon's actions did not formally abolish the existing Bretton Woods system of international financial exchange, the suspension of one of its key components effectively rendered the Bretton Woods system inoperative. While Nixon publicly stated his intention to resume direct convertibility of the dollar after reforms to the Bretton Woods system had been implemented, all attempts at reform proved unsuccessful. By 1973, the current regime based on freely floating fiat currencies de facto replaced the Bretton Woods system for other global currencies.
In 1944, representatives from 44 nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to develop a new international monetary system that came to be known as the Bretton Woods system. Conference attendees had hoped that this new system would "ensure exchange rate stability, prevent competitive devaluations, and promote economic growth". It was not until 1958 that the Bretton Woods system became fully operational. Countries now settled their international accounts in dollars that could be converted to gold at a fixed exchange rate of $35 per ounce, which was redeemable by the U.S. government. Thus, the United States was committed to backing every dollar overseas with gold, and other currencies were pegged to the dollar.
For the first years after World War II, the Bretton Woods system worked well. With the Marshall Plan, Japan and Europe were rebuilding from the war, and countries outside the US wanted dollars to spend on American goods—cars, steel, machinery, etc. Because the U.S. owned over half the world's official gold reserves—574 million ounces at the end of World War II—the system appeared secure.
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This course provides students with a working knowledge of macroeconomic models that explicitly incorporate financial markets. The goal is to develop a broad and analytical framework for analyzing the
Le dollar américain ou dollar des États-Unis ou dollar US (symbole monétaire : $ ; code ISO : USD pour United States dollar) est la monnaie nationale des États-Unis et de ses territoires d'outre-mer (comme Porto Rico) ; c'est aussi celle de l'Équateur, du Zimbabwe, des États fédérés de Micronésie, des Îles Marshall, des Palaos, du Panama, du Salvador, du Timor oriental, des Îles Turques-et-Caïques, des Îles Vierges britanniques et des Îles BES. Il est divisé en 100 cents. Son code ISO 4217 est « USD », avec le nom « dollar des États-Unis ».
thumb|Le Mount Washington Hotel de Bretton Woods. Les accords de Bretton Woods, issus de la conférence de Bretton Woods qui se tient au Mount Washington Hotel, à Bretton Woods, dans le New Hampshire aux États-Unis, du 1 au , sont des accords économiques dessinant les grandes lignes du système financier international de l'après-Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'objectif principal des accords de Bretton Woods est de mettre en place une organisation monétaire mondiale et de favoriser la reconstruction et le développement économique des pays touchés par la guerre.
A fixed exchange rate, often called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime in which a currency's value is fixed or pegged by a monetary authority against the value of another currency, a basket of other currencies, or another measure of value, such as gold. There are benefits and risks to using a fixed exchange rate system. A fixed exchange rate is typically used to stabilize the exchange rate of a currency by directly fixing its value in a predetermined ratio to a different, more stable, or more internationally prevalent currency (or currencies) to which the currency is pegged.
Analyse l'équilibre du marché du travail, les impacts fiscaux et les heures d'équilibre.
The policy response to the recent financial crisis has broadly focused on two themes: 1) Increasing the banking sectorsâ resilience to future financial shocks: 2) Improving credit availability to households and firms via lowering both short and long-term ...
A large body of empirical evidence suggests that beliefs systematically deviate from perfect rationality. Much of the evidence implies that economic agents tend to form forecasts that are excessively influenced by recent changes. We present a parsimonious ...