Balinais (langue)

Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people () on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Most Balinese speakers also know Indonesian. The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog. The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language. Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup. Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali and Nusa Penida. According to the 2000 census, Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas. In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. But in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language. The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by . However, is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-. Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop.

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Concepts associés (16)

Javanais

Le javanais (basa Jawa en javanais, prononcé : ) est une langue du groupe malayo-polynésien des langues austronésiennes. Avec quelque 80 millions de locuteurs, principalement Javanais, il est la première langue régionale (bahasa daerah) d'Indonésie, et principalement parlé dans le centre et l'est de l'île de Java, d'où vient son nom. Historiquement, on distingue : Le « vieux javanais », qui est la langue des inscriptions de la période hindou-bouddhique de Java, encore appelé kawi.

Écriture javanaise

284px|thumb|Le Raden Segara, un texte en langue maduraise rédigé en écriture javanaise (1890). 284px|thumb|right|Stèle bilingue en portugais et javanais à Yogyakarta, inaugurant la réhabilitation du Taman Sari en 2004. L’écriture javanaise (javanaise: aksara Jawa ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ) est un alphasyllabaire de type abugida d'origine indienne utilisé autrefois dans la langue javanaise. 600px|thumb|center|Caractères de l’alphasyllabaire javanais. L’écriture javanaise utilise 20 consonnes, correspondant à 20 phonèmes distincts.

Old Javanese

Old Javanese or Kawi (poet, कवि) is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language. It was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Central Java and the whole of East Java, Indonesia. As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of Madura, Bali and Lombok. It had a sizable vocabulary of Sanskrit loanwords but had not yet developed the formal krama language register, to be used with one's social superiors that is characteristic of modern Javanese.