Forensic anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields, including forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy, in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable, as might happen in a plane crash. Forensic anthropologists are also instrumental in the investigation and documentation of genocide and mass graves. Along with forensic pathologists, forensic dentists, and homicide investigators, forensic anthropologists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses. Using physical markers present on a skeleton, a forensic anthropologist can potentially determine a person's age, sex, stature, and race. In addition to identifying physical characteristics of the individual, forensic anthropologists can use skeletal abnormalities to potentially determine cause of death, past trauma such as broken bones or medical procedures, as well as diseases such as bone cancer.
The methods used to identify a person from a skeleton relies on the past contributions of various anthropologists and the study of human skeletal differences. Through the collection of thousands of specimens and the analysis of differences within a population, estimations can be made based on physical characteristics. Through these, a set of remains can potentially be identified. The field of forensic anthropology grew during the twentieth century into a fully recognized forensic specialty involving trained anthropologists as well as numerous research institutions gathering data on decomposition and the effects it can have on the skeleton.
Today, forensic anthropology is a well-established discipline within the forensic field. Anthropologists are called upon to investigate remains and to help identify individuals from bones when other physical characteristics that could be used to identify a body no longer exist. Forensic anthropologists work in conjunction with forensic pathologists to identify remains based on their skeletal characteristics.
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L' désigne la science qui étudie la structure des os et plus généralement du squelette, humain ou animal. Il s'agit d'une sous-discipline de l'anatomie, de l'archéologie et de l'anthropologie lorsqu'elle traite du biologique chez l'humain. L'ostéologie implique une observation précise de la structure et des éléments osseux, des dents, mais aussi une étude détaillée de la morphologie osseuse, des affections et des pathologies affectant les os, à une échelle macroscopique comme microscopique.
right|200px|thumb|Exemples de mesures anthropométriques exposées à la conférence sur l’eugénisme de 1921. L’anthropométrie est la technique qui concerne la mesure des particularités dimensionnelles d'un être humain. Cette discipline de l'anthropologie physique est particulièrement utilisée en ergonomie. Le terme naît avec le livre du statisticien et humaniste belge Adolphe Quetelet intitulé Anthropométrie, ou Mesure des différentes facultés de l'homme (1870).
L’analyse scientifique de cas, appelée par calque de l'anglais science forensique ou la forensique, regroupe l'ensemble des méthodes d'analyse fondées sur les sciences (chimie, physique, biologie, neurosciences, informatique, mathématique, , statistique) afin de servir au travail d' de manière large. Cette analyse scientifique a pour but « la découverte de faits, l'amélioration des connaissances ou la résolution de doutes et de problèmes.
This paper analyzes two approaches to serviceability limit state (SLS) verification for the deep excavation boundary value problem. The verification is carried out by means of the finite element (FE) method with the aid of the commercial program ZSoil v201 ...
This study presents a method for computing likelihood ratios (LRs) from multimodal score distributions, as the ones produced by some commercial off-the-shelf automated fingerprint identification systems (AFISs). The AFIS algorithms used to compare fingerma ...
This Guideline proposes a protocol for the validation of forensic evaluation methods at the source level, using the Likelihood Ratio framework as defined within the Bayes' inference model. In the context of the inference of identity of source, the Likeliho ...