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The Kursenieki are also sometimes known as Curonians. The Curonians or Kurs (kurši; kuršiai; Kuren; Kúrir; кърсь) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes. They gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), and they spoke the Curonian language. Curonian lands were conquered by the Livonian Order in 1266 and they eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the ethnogenesis of Lithuanians and Latvians. The ethnic origin of the Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic group. Others hold that the Curonians were related to Old Prussians who belonged in the western Baltic group. The Curonians were known as fierce warriors, excellent sailors and pirates. They were involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish and Icelandic Vikings. During that period they were the most restless and the richest of all the Balts. In 750, according to Norna-Gests þáttr saga from 1157, Sigurd Ring, a legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and Kvens (Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden: Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there. Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the Battle of Brávellir. Grobin (Grobiņa) was the main centre of the Curonians during the Vendel Age. Chapter 46 of Egils Saga describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and Egill Skallagrímsson in Courland. Curonians established temporary settlements near Riga and in overseas regions including eastern Sweden and the islands of Gotland and Bornholm. Rimbert in his Vita Ansgari described early conflicts between the Curonians and vikings. In 854, Curonians rebelled and refused to pay tribute to Sweden. The rebellious Apuolė fortress was first attacked by the Danes, who were hoping to make the town pay tribute to Denmark.

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Concepts associés (20)

Grobiņa

Grobiņa (; Grobin) is a town in South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia, eleven kilometers east of Liepāja. It was founded by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. Some ruins of their Grobina castle are still visible. The town was given its charter in 1695. During the Early Middle Ages, Grobiņa (or Grobin) was the most important political centre on the territory of Latvia. There was a centre of Scandinavian settlement on the Baltic Sea, comparable in many ways to Hedeby and Birka but probably predating them both.

Lagune de Courlande

La lagune de Courlande (en Kuršių marios ; en Kurisches Haff, en Куршский залив), qui s'étend sur une partie du littoral de la mer Baltique, est à cheval sur le territoire de la Lituanie et celui de l'exclave russe de l'oblast de Kaliningrad. Les bras du delta du Niémen, dont l'Atmata et la Skirvytė à hauteur de Rusnė, viennent s'y déverser. Le golfe est refermé sur la haute mer par l'isthme de Courlande percé à son extrémité nord par une passe maritime, le détroit de Memel, où s'est édifié au Moyen Âge le port de mer prussien de Memel (aujourd'hui Klaipėda en Lituanie).

Estonie

L'Estonie (Eesti), en forme longue la république d'Estonie (Eesti Vabariik) est un État souverain d'Europe du Nord dont le territoire s'étend sur le flanc oriental et sur près de 2200 îles de la mer baltique. La partie continentale possède des frontières terrestres avec la Russie à l'Est et la Lettonie au Sud, tandis que l'archipel de l'ouest constitue l'essentiel de la partie insulaire du pays. L'Estonie est une république unitaire ayant un régime parlementaire. Elle a pour capitale Tallinn et pour langue officielle l'Estonien.