International development

Résumé

International development or global development is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of economic or human development on an international scale. It is the basis for international classifications such as developed country, developing country and least developed country, and for a field of practice and research that in various ways engages with international development processes. There are, however, many schools of thought and conventions regarding which are the exact features constituting the "development" of a country. Historically, development was largely synonymous with economic development, and especially its convenient but flawed quantification (see parable of the broken window) through readily gathered (for developed countries) or estimated monetary proxies (estimated for severely undeveloped or isolationist countries) such as gross domestic product (GDP), often viewed alongside actuarial measures such as life expectancy. More

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development

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Energy in the perspective of the sustainable development: The 2000W society challenge

Daniel Favrat, Eberhard Jochem, François Maréchal

As energy plays a central role in the world development, it represents as well a major challenge for sustainable development. Today, more than 80% of the primary energy consumption is based on fossil fuels and the share is likely to remain high in the future. Even if technology developments will reduce the specific consumption, the world energy demand is likely to increase in line with its population. Energy and material efficiency and the integration of the renewable resources will therefore have to play a major role for sustainable development. The challenge concerns not only the technologies at the conversion and useful energy level, but also the energy management and infrastructures. The 2000 W per capita society initiative launched by the Board of the Swiss Institutes of Technology targets the identification of the major technological breakthroughs to reduce the per capita primary energy use of Switzerland by two-thirds within five decades. This study examined the energy saving potentials in the complete conversion chain “from primary energy to energy services” in the main sectors of economy: buildings, transport and industry. The report highlights the possible benefits which could be obtained from new materials, new technologies and an intensification of product and capital use. The systems integration appeared to be of prime importance in order to valorise the exergy potentials of the energy resources. The report emphasizes the political responsibility of developing the enabling society infrastructure: not only for the energy distribution (electrical, gas or heating networks) but also for the information technology, the appropriate regulations, the education and for the necessary integration of the lifetimes of the manufactured artifacts in the pathway to the 2000 W per capita society.

Elsevier2005

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City-scale control of urban road traffic poses a challenging problem. Dynamical models based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) enable development of model predictive perimeter control methods for large-scale urban networks, representing an advanced control solution carrying substantial potential for field implementation. In this paper we develop a multi-region approximation of the trip-based model, which describes in more details the trip length characteristics compared to existing accumulation-based models. The proposed M-model includes effects of the total remaining travel distance on the transfer flows driving the vehicle accumulation dynamics, potentially yielding improved accuracy over the standard production-over-trip length approximation of the outflow MFD considered in many works on MFD-based modeling and control. We explain that to properly perform perimeter control, boundary queue dynamics have to be integrated. Furthermore, model-based parameter estimation (MBPE), nonlinear moving horizon observer (MHO), and model predictive control (MPC) formulations for the proposed models are presented, forming an integrated traffic control framework. Microsimulation-based case studies, considering an urban network with 1500 links, where the model parameters obtained by MBPE method are used in MHO and MPC design, demonstrate the efficient operation of the proposed framework.

2021

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Stabilization of city-scale road traffic networks via macroscopic fundamental diagram-based model predictive perimeter control

Nikolaos Geroliminis, Isik Ilber Sirmatel

Traffic control for large-scale urban road networks remains a challenging problem. Aggregated dynamical models of city-scale traffic, based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD), enable development of model-based perimeter control methods. Involving actuation over aggregated traffic flows, perimeter control specifies an effective and practicable congestion control solution. In this paper, we propose nonlinear model predictive perimeter control schemes, for regulation and economic optimization objectives, with closed-loop stability by construction. Macroscopic and microscopic simulations demonstrate the performance and domain of attraction properties of the proposed formulations. Results indicate potential of the methods for efficient and reliable control of city-scale traffic.

2021

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