Estomac

Résumé

L' (en grec ancien στόμαχος) (aussi appelé poche stomacale) est la portion du tube digestif en forme de poche, située entre l’œsophage et le duodénum. L'œsophage reçoit les aliments mâchés dans la bouche et déglutis dans l'estomac. Chez l’être humain, l’organe est en forme de J majuscule, à l’âge adulte il mesure , contient à vide, et peut contenir jusqu’à . L’estomac est en rapport anatomique avec le foie (à droite), la rate (à gauche), le pancréas (en arrière), le diaphragme (en haut) et les intestins (en bas). Il est situé au-dessus du mésocôlon (étage sus-mésocolique). La branche de la médecine qui s’occupe de l’estomac est la gastro-entérologie. L’estomac permet d’assurer la digestion par ses fonctions mécaniques (brassage) et chimiques en mélangeant les aliments aux sucs gastriques (eau, acide chlorhydrique, enzymes). Pour une digestion idéale, le pH de l’estomac est compris entre 1,5 (pendant la nuit) et 5 (en début de digestion) : les enzymes gastriques fonctionnent à pH

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estomac

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Séances de cours associées (8)

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Many studies have reported that hydrophobic organic contaminants have the ability to sorb on microplastics in aquatic ecosystem via different mechanisms of sorption. However, a lack of studies investigating desorption of such contaminants in organism fluids has been disclaimed. The bioavailability of potential risk-compounds for aquatic organisms has to be assessed. It has been largely reported that adsorption onto microplastics is directly linked with hydrophobicity property of contaminants; the more hydrophobic the pollutant, the higher the sorption capacity. However, it is expected that the least hydrophobic molecules desorb more easily from microplastics. In our study, steroid hormones with different hydrophobicities, namely progesterone and testosterone, are used and their respective desorption from different types of microplastics is investigated in gastric and gut fluids. The idea is to discern if the ingestion of microplastics by organisms might promote desorption of potential sorbed micropollutants and therefore their bioavailability for such species. By using more complex composition of gastric and intestinal fluids separately and then sequentially, the purposes are to reproduce realistic digestive conditions and furthermore determine the organ which is the most prompt to enhance bioavailability of pollutants. Our results show that a higher desorption efficiency (58.6-73.0%, depending on plastic types) is reached in intestinal fluid than in freshwater (31.1-53.6%) or in gastric fluid (18.7-43.9%). Bile salts in intestinal fluid form micelles able to promote the solubilization of pollutants. Adsorption of pepsin onto microplastics has also been revealed, suggesting a competition between pollutant and pepsin for sorption sites and a potent reduction of pollutant solubilization. Our results indicate that progesterone daily intake via microplastics exposure is equal to 16.0μg/kg/day upon intestinal digestion, which represents about 13% of daily intake via water exposure. This observation suggests that ingestion is an additional route of exposure of pollutants and therefore emphasizes pollutants bioavailability for aquatic organisms.

2020

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Adsorption of progesterone onto microplastics and its desorption in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids

Florian Frédéric Vincent Breider, Dominique Grandjean, Yang Liu, Thibault Béranger Masset, Cécilia Laetitia Carla Siri

The sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compound (HOC) onto microplastics is relatively well reported in the literature, while their desorption remains poorly investigated, and especially in biological ﬂuids. The present study investigated the sorption and desorption of progesterone on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics. The sorption experiments showed that the equilibrium was reached in a few hours for all plastics. A sorption efﬁciency of 357.1 µg/g was found for PE and PS and 322.6µg/g for PP. Sorption experiments indicated that adsorption would happen certainly via surface sorption and potentially pore-ﬁlling mechanism. The desorption was carried out in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF), whose formulations were more complex than similar models reported so far. It has been found that the desorption was higher in SIF compared to SGF, surely due to micelle formation in SIF promoting the pollutant solubilization. Sorption of pepsin onto microplastics has also been revealed, suggesting a competition between pollutant and pepsin for sorption sites and a potent reduction of pollutant solubilization. This study indicates that microplastics ingestion could be considered as as additional route of exposure of pollutants and therefore emphasizes pollutants bioavailability for aquatic organisms.

2021

Chargement

, , , ,

The sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto microplastics is relatively well reported in the literature, while their desorption remains poorly investigated, especially in biological fluids. The present study investigated the sorption and desorption of progesterone on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) microplastics. A sorption efficiency of 357.1 mg g-1 was found for PE and PS, and 322.6mg g-1 for PP. Sorption experiments indicated that adsorption would certainly happen via surface sorption and a potentially pore-filling mechanism. The desorption was carried out in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF). It has been found that the desorption was higher in SIF as compared to SGF, due to micelle formation in SIF promoting the pollutant solubilization. This study indicates that the ingestion of microplastics could be considered as an additional route of exposure to pollutants and therefore emphasizes pollutant bioavailability for aquatic organisms.

2022

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2020