International relations (1814–1919)

This article covers worldwide diplomacy and, more generally, the international relations of the great powers from 1814 to 1919. This era covers the period from the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), to the end of the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920). Important themes include the rapid industrialization and growing power of Great Britain, the United States, France, Prussia/Germany, and, later in the period, Italy and Japan. This led to imperialist and colonialist competitions for influence and power throughout the world, most famously the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s and 1890s; the reverberations of which are still widespread and consequential in the 21st century. Britain established an informal economic network that, combined with its colonies and its Royal Navy, made it the hegemonic nation until its power was challenged by the united Germany. It was a largely peaceful century, with no wars between the great powers, apart from the 1853–1871 interval, and some wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. After 1900, there was a series of wars in the Balkan region, which exploded out of control into World War I (1914–1918) — a massively devastating event that was unexpected in its timing, duration, casualties, and long-term impact. In 1814, diplomats recognized five great powers: France, Britain, Russia, Austria (in 1867–1918, Austria-Hungary) and Prussia (in 1871–1918, the German Empire). Italy was added to this group after its unification in 1860 ("Risorgimento"); by 1905 two rapidly growing non-European states, Japan and the United States, had joined the great powers. Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro initially operated as autonomous vassals, for until about 1908–1912 they were legally still part of the declining Ottoman Empire, before gaining their independence. In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, there were two major blocs in Europe: the Triple Entente formed by France, Britain, and Russia and the Triple Alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Concepts associés (17)

Splendide isolement

vignette|George Eulas Foster, homme politique canadien, premier utilisateur de l'expression du . Le splendide isolement (en Splendid isolation) renvoie à une politique étrangère mise en place par le Royaume-Uni à la fin du , sous les gouvernements conservateurs des Premiers ministres Benjamin Disraeli et le marquis de Salisbury. L'expression est utilisée pour la première fois par un homme politique canadien, George Eulas Foster, pour faire l'éloge de la position britannique consistant à se tenir à l'écart des affaires européennes.

Équilibre des puissances en Europe

L'équilibre des puissances européennes ou équilibre européen désigne les relations internationales en Europe avant la Première Guerre mondiale, évoluant en la formation du système des États-nations européens. Le rôle d'équilibre des puissances en Europe est actuellement joué par l'Union européenne. Sa règle d'or est qu'aucune puissance ne doit pouvoir dominer une part importante du continent et encore moins atteindre le pouvoir absolu, ce but étant atteint par la présence d'un petit nombre d'alliances changeantes et en concurrence pour le pouvoir.

International relations (1648–1814)

International relations from 1648 to 1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna. Balance of power: The concept of the balance of power emerged as a fundamental principle in international relations during this period. Major powers sought to maintain a delicate equilibrium to prevent the domination of any single state or coalition, often leading to alliances, territorial adjustments, and military interventions.