Trend-stationary processIn the statistical analysis of time series, a trend-stationary process is a stochastic process from which an underlying trend (function solely of time) can be removed, leaving a stationary process. The trend does not have to be linear. Conversely, if the process requires differencing to be made stationary, then it is called difference stationary and possesses one or more unit roots. Those two concepts may sometimes be confused, but while they share many properties, they are different in many aspects.
Théorème de BochnerEn mathématiques, le théorème de Bochner est un théorème d’analyse harmonique caractérisant la transformée de Fourier d’une mesure positive sur un groupe abélien localement compact. En particulier, ce résultat donne une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour qu’une fonction complexe d’une variable réelle soit une fonction caractéristique d’une variable aléatoire réelle. Daniel Dugué, « Calcul des probabilités », §4 Lois et fonctions caractéristiques fondamentales, Dictionnaire de mathématiques, fondements, probabilités, applications, Encyclopædia Universalis et Albin Michel, Paris 1998.
Extrapolation (mathématiques)En mathématiques, l'extrapolation est le calcul d'un point d'une courbe dont on ne dispose pas d'équation, à partir d'autres points, lorsque l'abscisse du point à calculer est au-dessus du maximum ou en dessous du minimum des points connus. En dehors de cette particularité, les méthodes sont les mêmes que pour l'interpolation. C'est, d'autre part, une méthode développée par Norbert Wiener en traitement du signal pour la prédiction. Le choix de la méthode d'extrapolation dépend de la connaissance a priori de la méthode de génération des données.
Time–frequency representationA time–frequency representation (TFR) is a view of a signal (taken to be a function of time) represented over both time and frequency. Time–frequency analysis means analysis into the time–frequency domain provided by a TFR. This is achieved by using a formulation often called "Time–Frequency Distribution", abbreviated as TFD. TFRs are often complex-valued fields over time and frequency, where the modulus of the field represents either amplitude or "energy density" (the concentration of the root mean square over time and frequency), and the argument of the field represents phase.
Spurious relationshipIn statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking variable"). An example of a spurious relationship can be found in the time-series literature, where a spurious regression is a one that provides misleading statistical evidence of a linear relationship between independent non-stationary variables.
