Demand for moneyIn monetary economics, the demand for money is the desired holding of financial assets in the form of money: that is, cash or bank deposits rather than investments. It can refer to the demand for money narrowly defined as M1 (directly spendable holdings), or for money in the broader sense of M2 or M3. Money in the sense of M1 is dominated as a store of value (even a temporary one) by interest-bearing assets. However, M1 is necessary to carry out transactions; in other words, it provides liquidity.
Nominal rigidityIn economics, nominal rigidity, also known as price-stickiness or wage-stickiness, is a situation in which a nominal price is resistant to change. Complete nominal rigidity occurs when a price is fixed in nominal terms for a relevant period of time. For example, the price of a particular good might be fixed at $10 per unit for a year. Partial nominal rigidity occurs when a price may vary in nominal terms, but not as much as it would if perfectly flexible. For example, in a regulated market there might be limits to how much a price can change in a given year.
Market monetarismMarket monetarism is a school of macroeconomic thought that advocates that central banks target the level of nominal income instead of inflation, unemployment, or other measures of economic activity, including in times of shocks such as the bursting of the real estate bubble in 2006, and in the financial crisis that followed. In contrast to traditional monetarists, market monetarists do not believe monetary aggregates or commodity prices such as gold are the optimal guide to intervention.
Monetary inflationMonetary inflation is a sustained increase in the money supply of a country (or currency area). Depending on many factors, especially public expectations, the fundamental state and development of the economy, and the transmission mechanism, it is likely to result in price inflation, which is usually just called "inflation", which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services.Michael F. Bryan, On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation", clevelandfed.
Krach de 1929vignette|upright=1.5|Graphe de la valeur du Dow Jones entre et . Le krach de 1929 est une crise boursière qui se déroula à la Bourse de New York entre le jeudi et le mardi . Cet événement est l'un des plus célèbres de l'histoire boursière, marquant le début de la Grande Dépression, la plus grande crise économique du . Les jours-clés du krach ont hérité de surnoms distincts : le est appelé « jeudi noir », le est le « lundi noir », et le est le « mardi noir », dates-clés de l'histoire boursière.
Théorie monétaire moderneLa théorie monétaire moderne (souvent abréviée TMM, ou en anglais Modern monetary theory) est une théorie économique d'inspiration néochartaliste. Descriptive et normative, elle fournit à la fois un cadre d'interprétation des phénomènes économiques ainsi que des recommandations de politique économique, notamment pour le plein emploi et la stabilité des prix. Elle se fonde sur le monopole de la violence de l'État qui lui donne la possibilité de taxer, ainsi que de choisir le moyen de paiement de ses taxes.
Nominal income targetA nominal income target is a monetary policy target. Such targets are adopted by central banks to manage national economic activity. Nominal aggregates are not adjusted for inflation. Nominal income aggregates that can serve as targets include nominal gross domestic product (NGDP) and nominal gross domestic income (GDI). Central banks use a variety of techniques to hit their targets, including conventional tools such as interest rate targeting or open market operations, unconventional tools such as quantitative easing or interest rates on excess reserves and expectations management to hit its target.
Federal Reserve Bank of New YorkLa Federal Reserve Bank de New York est l'une des douze banques de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis. Elle est située au 33 Liberty Street à New York. Elle est responsable de la deuxième circonscription de la Réserve fédérale, qui englobe l'État de New York, les douze comtés du nord du New Jersey, le comté de Fairfield dans le Connecticut, ainsi que Porto Rico et les îles Vierges des États-Unis.
Discretionary policyIn macroeconomics, discretionary policy is an economic policy based on the ad hoc judgment of policymakers as opposed to policy set by predetermined rules. For instance, a central banker could make decisions on interest rates on a case-by-case basis instead of allowing a set rule, such as Friedman's k-percent rule, an inflation target following the Taylor rule, or a nominal income target to determine interest rates or the money supply. In practice, most policy actions are discretionary in nature.
Règle d'or d'accroissement de la masse monétaireLa règle d'or d'accroissement de la masse monétaire est une règle économique selon laquelle la banque centrale doit faire croître de manière faible et régulière la masse monétaire afin que cette dernière soit en adéquation avec la croissance économique. L'économiste monétariste Milton Friedman est considéré comme le père de cette règle d'or dont l'objet est de limiter les risques de dérapage inflationniste. L'école monétariste s'intéresse, dans les années 1970, aux effets de la monnaie sur l'activité économique.
