Révolution culturelle | EPFL Graph Search

La grande révolution culturelle prolétarienne (en chinois : 无产阶级文化大革命, pinyin : wúchǎn jiējí wénhuà dàgémìng), plus couramment la grande révolution culturelle (文化大革命 wénhuà dàgémìng), ou simplement la révolution culturelle (文革 wéngé) (1966-1976), représente l'un des événements marquants de l'histoire de la république populaire de Chine, dont le retentissement international est considérable. En 1966, Mao Zedong décide de lancer la révolution culturelle afin de consolider son pouvoir en s'appuyant sur la jeunesse du pays. La révolution a été lancée avec l'aide du groupe de la révolution culturelle. Le dirigeant souhaite purger le Parti communiste chinois (PCC) de ses éléments « révisionnistes » et limiter les pouvoirs de la bureaucratie. Les « gardes rouges », groupes de jeunes Chinois inspirés par les principes du Petit Livre rouge, deviennent le bras actif de cette révolution culturelle. Ils remettent en cause toute hiérarchie, notamment la hiérarchie du PCC alors en poste. L'expres

Les transformations de la maison des Bédouins du Néguev

Edgard Dezuari

This thesis deals with transformations in the culture of the house (shapes, ways of life, representations of the houses by their inhabitants and their participation in their design). It focuses on houses built between 1972 and 2003 at Tel Shéva, the first in a series of seven planned resettlement towns developed for the Bedouin of the Negev desert (Israel). Today, half of them are living in planed towns while the other half remains on tribal sites, in more than one hundred unrecognised villages. The Bedouins (130 000 inhabitants) of the Negev began to settle in the first part of the 20th century. Throughout its second part they underwent profound transformations, including urbanisation. In the 1960-s, the State initiated a policy of Bedouin new towns in order to curb the development of the Bedouin shanty-villages, which were growing on the outskirts of Beer Shéva, the capital of the Israel's Southern district. In those Bedouin new towns, the inhabitants are free to build a family home on a 1000 m2 plot, as long as they respect neighbourhood regulations. They receive the land as freehold and the infrastructure is state subsidised. The architectural autonomy granted to the inhabitants of Tel Shéva is designed to allow them to build according to their specific needs. The social aspects of Bedouin rehousing in planned towns have been studied extensively, but, to our knowledge, no research has yet used the changes in house conception to illustrate the cultural transformations undergone by the Bedouin. Our typology of houses representing the stages of this evolution, relies on a framework for the study of adaptation to involuntary rehousing (refugees etc) drawn up by Scudder and Colson [1982]. They identify four steps in a rehousing operation: recruitment, transition, development and incorporation. For each step, we have tried to identify one type of dwelling. Informal housing in the first stage, reproductions of the previous environment –in the second; in the third, a hybrid model of modern housing including traditional elements, and original architecture corresponding to new values - in the final stage. This thesis creates a house typology of houses from the points of view of morphology, way of life, representations and inhabitant participation in design. We have defined four types: the "tent", the "standard house", the "catalogue house" and the "individualised house". The tent, and the shelters which followed it, were not planned housing. The behaviour of the inhabitant and the representations of the houses corresponded to traditional logic. In the "standard house" stage, the first rehoused inhabitants accepted any kind of dwelling so long as it was simple and cheap. Thus, they unquestioningly applied a standard model. During the "catalogue house" stage, the designers, attracted by the market of individual housing in Bedouin towns, introduced architectural variety, to match growing social differentiation. During the "individualised house" stage, in the early nineties, customers started demanding a role in the design of their houses: a practice initiated amongst the families and friends of several designers. At this point the individual house reflects the emergence of an individualised consciousness of one's identity revealing profound changes in culture and society.

EPFL2003

Le facteur séisme dans l'architecture vernaculaire

Milo Hofmann

A large part of ancient built environments in earthquake prone areas have been accomplished exclusively thanks to the experience that their builders developed over centuries of practice. Several of the resulting techniques have showed a satisfactory performance during earthquakes, attesting sometimes of risk cultures. Nowadays, the seismic phenomenon is not systematically considered as a factor that might have been taken into account by ancient builders. A lack of knowledge about vernacular building cultures and their correlation with these phenomena raises the probability that interventions on ancient built stock and prevention activities do not take advantage of site potentialities, even increasing its vulnerability. These issues have been investigated on the basis of the following research assumption: decoding the link between vernacular architecture and earthquakes considering cultural, structural and cognitive aspects, could contribute to reduce the vulnerability of people and ancient built environments, thanks to an in-depth understanding of mechanisms and dynamics supporting their resilience. Thus, this research aimed at highlighting questions and arguments fostering the appreciation of inventiveness inherent to past building cultures and enhancing their value in contemporary practice. Correlation factors between vernacular built environment and seismic phenomena have been explored through three research axes. The first one considers cultural determinants, namely the aspects that have a marked impact on the society reactions to earthquakes. The second one investigates types of vernacular structures that could be qualified as paraseismic. The third research axe concerns cognitive resources regarding effectiveness of a particular building practice implemented in many seismic regions, based on the integration of horizontal wood elements in masonry walls. The exploration of these axes has been accomplished through literature review and field studies considering vernacular built environment from multiple perspectives. It has been perceived as an environment permeated by resilience strategies referred to measures reducing building vulnerability and to precautionary behaviours adopted by populations (L'Aquila Province, Italy). At the same time, buildings have been examined as testimony of structural solutions adapted to the historical seismicity of the area (territory of North Anatolian Fault, Turkey), and as the expression of knowledge closely related to horizontal forces effects (Ohrid Lake region, Macedonia & Albania). Findings from this research highlight the potential of an approach questioning aspects referred to perception, technique and knowledge. Decoding the link between vernacular architecture and earthquakes as between cultural determinants, types of structures and cognitive resources, thus becomes a source of substantial and contextualized elements from which develop resilience strategies that are multi- and trans-disciplinary.

EPFL2015

Urbaniser la campagne

Marlène Audrey Bertille Leroux

The primary goal of this research is to undertake an analytical study addressing the urbanisation of rural areas as a major territorial, environmental and cultural challenge. The new relations that have developed between urban and rural areas clearly signal that today we need to see the rural world as a research subject in its own right, rather than simply viewing it as the counterpart of the urban. Our study focuses specifically on the urbanisation of Chinaâs rural areas: a highly significant example in terms of both scale and contemporary relevance. Even though it was back in 2005 that the programme of âbuilding a new socialist countrysideâ in the 11th Five Year Plan placed the future of the rural sphere at the heart of Chinaâs economic, political and social challenges, it is now, ten years on, that we can examine this projectâs spatial and territorial implications. We consider the urbanisation of Chinaâs rural areas as a spatial manifestation of a necessary process of modernisation and evolution. In this context, understanding the dramatic changes that have taken place and the conflicts they have engendered requires setting them in their wider historical, economic and cultural contexts. We demonstrate that the urbanisation of Chinaâs rural areas is the combined outcome of real-estate speculation, national regulations and local initiatives that can only be understood through a territorial diagnosis. Our approach involves undertaking a theoretical consideration of real-life conditions as an empirical basis for evaluating the process of territorial transformation. The aim here is to assess the effective territorial impact of the conflicting dynamics at work â master plans on the one hand (ex-nihilo) ; simultaneous endogenous (in-situ) development on the other. We apply this prospective analytical approach to a corpus of three case studies: Chengyang District (Shandong) and the cities of Dengfeng (Henan) and Dujiangyan (Sichuan) and their surrounding areas. It is these regionsâ largely unremarkable geographic, economic and cultural profiles that qualify them representatives of a nationwide phenomenon. We undertake a territorial diagnosis guided by the identification and analysis of nested samples at a range of geographic and temporal scales. The significant wastage this diagnosis reveals suggests that this process is likely to be irreversible, entailing an irrevocable loss of Chinaâs rural dimension. We conclude that the major challenge in developing Chinaâs rural areas has two key components: the planning of the invasive new cities on the one hand; and the planning deficit for rural areas on the other â whether this pertains to their development or to their preservation. On the basis of this territorial diagnosis we then construct three scenarios for the future, looking ahead to 2050. The negative externalities of the first two scenarios lay bare the future impacts of present-day mechanisms if they continue on their current path, degrading the specific constituent elements of rural territories and the societies that inhabit them. Working to the same time scheme, the third scenario sketches out solutions, based on an inclusive approach to territorial development. This scenario proposes a system based on chains of interests that draws together all the territoryâs various components, exploring the potential for a new rural-centric territorial planning paradigm.

EPFL2017