Époque hellénistique

Résumé

thumb|Gaulois blessé de Délos, thème apparu dans la sculpture hellénistique à la suite de la victoire d’Attale de Pergame sur les Gaulois v. , musée national archéologique d'Athènes. Lépoque hellénistique est une période chronologique de l'histoire de la Grèce antique. Elle s'étend de la fin de l'époque classique, soit la mort d'Alexandre le Grand en 323 av. J.-C., à la défaite de Cléopâtre VII à la bataille d'Actium en 31 av. J.-C., laquelle marque l'achèvement de la mise en place de la domination romaine sur le monde grec. L'éclat de grandes villes, telles Alexandrie, Antioche ou Pergame, l'importance des échanges économiques et culturels, la diffusion de la langue grecque témoignent d'un grand dynamisme et modifient profondément le visage de l'Orient antique, y compris ultérieurement sous l'Empire romain qui est fortement hellénisé dans sa moitié orientale. Le terme « hellénistique » est employé pour la première fois par l’historien allemand Johann Gustav Droysen dans son o

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poque_hell%C3%A9nistique

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A preclinical model for identifying rats at risk of alcohol use disorder

Benjamin Boutrel, Pierre Magistretti

Alcohol use is one of the world's leading causes of death and disease, although only a small proportion of individuals develop persistent alcohol use disorder (AUD). The identification of vulnerable individuals prior to their chronic intoxication remains of highest importance. We propose here to adapt current methodologies for identifying rats at risk of losing control over alcohol intake by modeling diagnostic criteria for AUD: inability to abstain during a signaled period of reward unavailability, increased motivation assessed in a progressive effortful task and persistent alcohol intake despite aversive foot shocks. Factor analysis showed that these three addiction criteria loaded on one underlying construct indicating that they represent a latent construct of addiction trait. Further, not only vulnerable rats displayed higher ethanol consumption, and higher preference for ethanol over sweetened solutions, but they also exhibited pre-existing higher anxiety as compared to resilient rats. In conclusion, the present preclinical model confirms that development of an addiction trait not only requires prolonged exposure to alcohol, but also depends on endophenotype like anxiety that predispose a minority of individuals to lose control over alcohol consumption.

Springer Nature2017

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Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows evidence of large-scale networks with highly dynamic (re) configurations. We propose a novel approach to extract traces of human brain function by the construction of a trajectory in a meaningful low-dimensional space. This allows studying dFC in more detail and identify possible meaningful brain states from the moment-to-moment fluctuations of the brain signals during resting state or naturalistic conditions such as passive movie watching. Specifically, we explored dynamic organization of sub-networks derived from the time-dependent graph Laplacian in combination with Riemannian manifold distance to measure dissimilarity over time of dFC and to subsequently build the trajectory of brain activity. As a proof-of-principle, we show results for an fMRI dataset containing both rest and movie epochs in 15 healthy participants. The movie condition varied (i.e., fearful, joyful, and neutral movie excerpts) and clearly influenced the subsequent resting-state period in terms of FC brain state.

IEEE2016

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Passive sampling for monitoring organic contaminants in aquatic systems

Sylvain Coudret, Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Nicolas Estoppey, Dominique Grandjean, Adrien Schopfer

Passive sampling has been shown to be a good alternative to grab sampling. Because of the in-situ accumulation in samplers, limits of quantitation are low enough to measure organic pollutants in water. In addition, integrative passive samplers enable to sequester pollutants from episodic pollution and provide time weighted average (TWA) concentrations. Finally, they do not require a power supply in the field and are flexible enough to be deployed at sites that are difficult to access. This study will present the interest and efficiency of passive sampling to reveal industrial and agricultural pollution trends. Two practical applications for nonpolar and polar contaminants are presented. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and Silicon rubber (SR) samplers were deployed in rivers to monitor indicator PCBs (iPCBs, IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180). The results showed that the impact of PCBs emissions into the river is higher in summer than other seasons due to the low flow rate of the river during the summer period. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in another river to investigate herbicides coming from vineyards. The results showed an increase of water contamination due to the studied agricultural area. The maximal contamination was observed in April and corresponds to the period of herbicide application on the crops. The use of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to estimate aqueous concentrations is also presented and illustrated by examples.

2017

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