Vertèbre

Résumé

Une vertèbre est un os constituant la colonne vertébrale chez les animaux vertébrés. Chez l'humain, on compte vingt-quatre vertèbres indépendantes et huit à dix vertèbres soudées (cinq sacrales et trois à cinq coccygiennes, selon l'individu). Les vingt-quatre vertèbres individualisées se répartissent comme suit :

sept vertèbres cervicales, numérotées de C1 à C7 en partant de la plus crâniale ;
douze vertèbres thoraciques, aussi appelées vertèbres dorsales, numérotées de T1 à T12 (ou de D1 à D12) ;
cinq vertèbres lombaires, numérotées de L1 à L5. La première vertèbre cervicale est aussi appelée atlas et s'articule avec le crâne au niveau du trou occipital.

La deuxième vertèbre cervicale est aussi appelée axis et possède une apophyse verticale qui permet le pivotement de l'atlas et les mouvements de rotation du crâne. La septième vertèbre cervicale est aussi appelée proéminente ; elle possède une apophyse épineuse saillante et sert de transition entre les vertèbres cervicales

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A8bre

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Selection of a cell carrier for the in vivo delivery of fetal spine cells

Valérie Loewensberg

Objective: Several cell carriers need to be selected and characterized for their compatibility with fetal cartilaginous cell survival and activity. In order to assess the in vivo regeneration capacity of fetal cartilaginous cells, these cell carriers will be used as a delivery system in an animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Background: The intervertebral disc (IVD) is part of the 3-joint complex, which brings flexibility to the spine. In addition, the IVD is a shock absorber and is submitted to variable loads during daily activity. Heighty percent of people will suffer from back pain in their life. Degeneration of the lumbar IVD is though to be one major cause of low back pain. Up to now, there is no treatment for disc degeneration. Conservative cares, medication and surgery alleviate the pain but do not treat the causes. Moreover, fusion surgery (which consists in removing the degenerated IVD and to fuse the two adjacent vertebrae) can lead to further degeneration by destabilizing the whole spine. IVD degeneration is a complex process. The primary causes are unknown but it is well-established that disc cells are unable to produce enough matrix in degenerated conditions. The overall goal of the project is to regenerate the IVD by injecting "active" cells. The choice of these cells is an important point. Two sources of cells have already been selected according to several criteria. The next step of the project consists in selecting an appropriate cell delivery system to be test the regeneration potential of the selected fetal cells in an animal model of IVD degeneration.

2008

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In the framework of spine traumatology, burst fractures are severe and are often caused by car accidents or by falls. The vertebra breaks under the traumatic compression and pieces of it are shattered in all directions. This type of fracture is often treated by spinal fusion using a posterior sytem with rods and pedicular screws. By decompressing the traumatic region, the fracture is allowed to heal and to restore to a physiological geometry. However, a progressive kyphosis (flexion of the spine) is clinically observed arising from the rotation of the pedicular screws in the vertebra. The correction is therefore lost and proper healing compromised. This semester project (12 credits) consists of analysing and optimizing the stress around the pedicular screws under compressive loading of a posterior spinal fusion system

2007

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A t(2;8) balanced translocation with breakpoints near the human HOXD complex causes mesomelic dysplasia and vertebral defects

Denis Duboule

Mesomelic dysplasia is a severe shortening of forearms and forelegs, and is found in several distinct human syndromes. Here, we report the cloning of the breakpoints of a human t(2;8)(q31;p21) balanced translocation associated with mesomelic dysplasia of the upper limbs, as well as with vertebral defects. We show that this translocation does not disrupt any gene, hence it most likely exerts its deleterious effect by modifying gene regulation. The HOXD complex lies approximately 60 kb from the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 2. This cluster of genes has an important role in the development of both the vertebral column and the limbs. Only a few cases of mutations of these homeotic genes have been described so far in humans. However, gain- and loss-of-function of Hoxd genes in mice can induce mesomelic dysplasia-like phenotypes, suggesting that misexpression of HOXD genes may indeed be at the origin of this hereditary phenotype.

2002

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