Diving physics, or the physics of underwater diving is the basic aspects of physics which describe the effects of the underwater environment on the underwater diver and their equipment, and the effects of blending, compressing, and storing breathing gas mixtures, and supplying them for use at ambient pressure. These effects are mostly consequences of immersion in water, the hydrostatic pressure of depth and the effects of pressure and temperature on breathing gases. An understanding of the physics is useful when considering the physiological effects of diving, breathing gas planning and management, diver buoyancy control and trim, and the hazards and risks of diving.
Changes in density of breathing gas affect the ability of the diver to breathe effectively, and variations in partial pressure of breathing gas constituents have profound effects on the health and ability to function underwater of the diver.
The main laws of physics that describe the influence of the underwater diving environment on the diver and diving equipment include:
Archimedes' principle (Buoyancy) - Ignoring the minor effect of surface tension, an object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Thus, when in water, the weight of the volume of water displaced as compared to the weight of the diver's body and the diver's equipment, determine whether the diver floats or sinks. Buoyancy control, and being able to maintain neutral buoyancy in particular, is an important safety skill. The diver needs to understand buoyancy to effectively and safely operate drysuits, buoyancy compensators, diving weighting systems and lifting bags.
The concept of pressure as force distributed over area, and the variation of pressure with immersed depth are central to the understanding of the physiology of diving, particularly the physiology of decompression and of barotrauma.
The absolute pressure on a diver is the sum of the local atmospheric pressure and hydrostatic pressure.
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vignette|La plongée bouteille est une autre forme de plongée loisir. Ici un plongeur en scaphandre autonome explore la Grande barrière de corail. La plongée sous-marine est une activité consistant à rester sous l'eau, soit en apnée dans le cas de la plongée libre, soit en respirant à l'aide d'un narguilé (tuyau apportant de l'air depuis la surface) ou le plus souvent en s'équipant d'une bouteille de plongée dans le cas de la plongée en scaphandre autonome.
Professional diving is underwater diving where the divers are paid for their work. The procedures are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently hazardous occupation and the diver works as a member of a team. Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site hyperbaric chamber and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and the mode of diving for some applications may be regulated.
La plongée en scaphandre autonome, parfois familièrement appelée plongée bouteille ou plongée en bouteille, est un mode de plongée sous-marine se distinguant par l'utilisation d'un scaphandre autonome permettant au plongeur d'évoluer sous l'eau de manière autonome grâce à une réserve de gaz respirable stocké généralement dans une ou des bouteilles de plongée. À l'instar de la plongée libre, elle est largement pratiquée en tant que plongée loisir.
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EPFL2023
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