The extended evolutionary synthesis consists of a set of theoretical concepts argued to be more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942. The extended evolutionary synthesis was called for in the 1950s by C. H. Waddington, argued for on the basis of punctuated equilibrium by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in the 1980s, and was reconceptualized in 2007 by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller. Notably, Dr. Müller concluded from this research that Natural Selection has no way of explaining speciation, saying: “selection has no innovative capacity...the generative and the ordering aspects of morphological evolution are thus absent from evolutionary theory.”
The extended evolutionary synthesis revisits the relative importance of different factors at play, examining several assumptions of the earlier synthesis, and augmenting it with additional causative factors. It includes multilevel selection, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, niche construction, evolvability, and several concepts from evolutionary developmental biology.
Not all biologists have agreed on the need for, or the scope of, an extended synthesis. Many have collaborated on another synthesis in evolutionary developmental biology, which concentrates on developmental molecular genetics and evolution to understand how natural selection operated on developmental processes and deep homologies between organisms at the level of highly conserved genes.
Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the widely accepted early-20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics in a joint mathematical framework. It established evolution as biology's central paradigm. The 19th-century ideas of natural selection by Darwin and Mendelian genetics were united by researchers who included Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, the three founders of population genetics, between 1918 and 1932.
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Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of epigenetic markers and modifications from one generation to multiple subsequent generations without altering the primary structure of DNA. Thus, the regulation of genes via epigenetic mechanisms can be heritable; the amount of transcripts and proteins produced can be altered by inherited epigenetic changes. In order for epigenetic marks to be heritable, however, they must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable.
L’assimilation génétique est un processus par lequel un phénotype (état de caractère observable), originellement induit en réponse à des conditions environnementales particulières, devient encodé, après plusieurs générations, dans le génome (le génotype) par sélection naturelle ou sélection artificielle. Le nouveau phénotype, apparu en réponse à un signal environnemental, devient « constitutif », c’est-à-dire qu’il apparaît sans l’influence préalable du déclencheur initial.
La construction de niche est un concept de biologie évolutive développé depuis les années 1980, qui trouve son origine dans des domaines s'intéressant à l'interaction entre organismes et environnements tels que l'hypothèse Gaïa, la psychologie, la ou encore la biologie évolutive du développement. Il s'agit d'un processus évolutif par lequel un organisme modifie son milieu ou celui d'autres organismes, et peut ainsi affecter sa fitness .
Nature, In Code teaches basic biological principles - such as natural selection, epidemics, the evolution of cooperation - by implementing those priciples in the programming language JavaScript. The c
Explore l'histoire, les principes et les critiques de la psychologie de l'évolution, en mettant l'accent sur la fonction adaptative des caractéristiques et l'approche évolutive de la compréhension du comportement humain.
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