Uranium 238

Résumé

L'uranium 238, noté U, est l'isotope de l'uranium dont le nombre de masse est égal à 238 : son noyau atomique compte et avec un spin 0+ pour une masse atomique de . Il est caractérisé par un excès de masse de et une énergie de liaison nucléaire par nucléon de . Son abondance naturelle est de 99,2742 %, le reste de l'uranium naturel (0,7258 %) étant constitué d'uranium 235 (0,7202 %) et d'uranium 234 (0,0055 %). L'uranium 238 est faiblement radioactif, avec une période de d'années (). Il se désintègre principalement en par (avec une énergie de désintégration de ), et très minoritairement en plusieurs noyaux plus petits par fission spontanée. Un kilogramme d' présente ainsi une activité de (plus de douze millions de désintégrations par seconde), dont seulement (moins de sept ) par fission spontanée. L'uranium appauvri est constitué d' quasiment pur, tandis que l'uranium enrichi a une teneur supérieure en . L'uranium retraité est également constitué e

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_238

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Beam-induced oxidation of monomeric U(IV) species

Daniel Scott Alessi, Rizlan Bernier-Latmani, Camelia Borca, Benjamin Uster

Uranium L-III-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy is often used to probe the oxidation state and coordination of uranium in environmental samples, and micrometre-sized beams can be used to spatially map the distribution of uranium relative to other elements. Here a variety of uranium-containing environmental samples are analyzed at both microbeam and larger beam sizes to determine whether reoxidation of U(IV) occurred. Monomeric U(IV), a recently discovered product of U(VI) reduction by microbes and certain iron-bearing minerals at uranium-contaminated field sites, was found to be reoxidized during microbeam (3 mu m x 2 mu m) analysis of biomass and sediments containing the species but not at larger beam sizes. Thus, care must be taken when using X-ray microprobes to analyze samples containing monomeric U(IV).

International Union of Crystallography2013

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, , , , ,

Reductive immobilization of uranium has been explored as a remediation strategy for the U-contaminated subsurface. Via the in situ biostimulation of microbial processes, hexavalent U is reduced to less soluble tetravalent species, which are immobilized within the sediment. Although the mineral uraninite (UO2) was initially considered the dominant product of biological reduction, non-crystalline U(IV) species (NCU(IV)) are found to be abundant in the environment despite their greater susceptibility to oxidation and remobilization. However, it has been recently proposed that, through aging, NCU(IV) might transform into UO2, which would potentially enhance the stability of the reduced U pool. In this study, we performed column experiments to produce NCU(IV) species in natural sediment mimicking the environmental conditions during bioremediation. Bioreduced sediment retrieved from the columns and harboring NCU(IV) was incubated in static microcosms under anoxic conditions to allow the systematic monitoring of U coordination by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) over 12 months. XAS revealed that, under the investigated conditions, the speciation of U(IV) does not change over time. Thus, because NCU(IV) is the dominant species in the sediment, bioreduced U(IV) species remain vulnerable to oxidation and remobilization in the aqueous phase even after a 12-month aging period.

2019

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Products of abiotic U(VI) reduction by biogenic magnetite and vivianite

Daniel Scott Alessi, Rizlan Bernier-Latmani, Jonathan Sharp, Elena Suvorova Buffat, Harish Veeramani

Reductive immobilization of uranium by the stimulation of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) has been investigated as a remediation strategy for subsurface U(VI) contamination. In those environments, DMRB may utilize a variety of electron acceptors, such as ferric iron which can lead to the formation of reactive biogenic Fe(II) phases. These biogenic phases could potentially mediate abiotic U(VI) reduction. In this work, the DMRB Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32 was used to synthesize two biogenic Fe(II)-bearing minerals: magnetite (a mixed Fe(II)-Fe(III) oxide) and vivianite (an Fe(II)-phosphate). Analysis of abiotic redox interactions between these biogenic minerals and U(VI) showed that both biogenic minerals reduced U(VI) completely. XAS analysis indicates significant differences in speciation of the reduced uranium after reaction with the two biogenic Fe(II)-bearing minerals. While biogenic magnetite favored the formation of structurally ordered, crystalline UO2, biogenic vivianite led to the formation of a monomeric U(IV) species lacking U-U associations in the corresponding EXAFS spectrum. To investigate the role of phosphate in the formation of monomeric U(IV) such as sorbed U(IV) species complexed by mineral surfaces, versus a U(IV) mineral, uranium was reduced by biogenic magnetite that was pre-sorbed with phosphate. XAS analysis of this sample also revealed the formation of monomeric U(IV) species suggesting that the presence of phosphate hinders formation of UO2. This work shows that U(VI) reduction products formed during in situ biostimulation can be influenced by the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the surrounding environment, as well as by the interfacial solute-solid chemistry of the solid-phase reductant. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2011

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Products of abiotic U(VI) reduction by biogenic magnetite and vivianite

Daniel Scott Alessi, Rizlan Bernier-Latmani, Jonathan Sharp, Elena Suvorova Buffat, Harish Veeramani

Elsevier2011