Dilatance | EPFL Graph Search

vignette|Réponse typique d'un sable dense soumis à l'essai triaxial : on représente ici la différence de contraintes normales en fonction de la déformation verticale. Le phénomène de dilatance d'un sol décrit la variation de volume que l'on observe dans les matériaux granulaires lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un cisaillement. Cet effet a été décrit scientifiquement pour la première fois par Osborne Reynolds en 1885-86. Contrairement à la plupart des autres matériaux solides, un matériau granulaire compacté tend à se dilater (à s'expandre en volume) lorsqu'on le cisaille. Cela vient de l'enchevêtrement des grains à l'état compacté : ces grains n'ont donc pas la possibilité de se réarranger par simple glissement. Lorsque l'amas de grains est chargé, il se produit un phénomène d'arc-boutement entre grains voisins, qui produit une expansion de l'échantillon. D'un autre côté, lorsque l'on comprime un matériau granulaire initialement lâche, il commence par se compacter au lieu de se dilater sous

Experimental comparison of tsunami generated by viscoplastic and granular slides.

Zhenzhu Meng

Tsunami induced by subaerial landslides threatens coastal areas. The waves have mostly been studied in the laboratory using sliding blocks or granular media hitting a water body, but none of these materials makes it possible to understand how sliding mass’ cohesion affects the wave dynamics. The present study provides an experimental comparison of the tsunami generated by viscoplastic and granular slides. As viscoplastic material, we used a stable polymeric gel called Carbopol Ultrez 10, whose rheological behavior is captured by a Herschel-Bulkley model. As granular material, we used soft water balls, 15 mm in diameter, with a density close to that of Carbopol. In these experiments, we monitored the evolution of the free surface and the sliding mass using a high speed camera. The maximum wave amplitude, wave height, wave energy and wave length, as well as the sliding mass driving the leading wave formation are analyzed for the two materials. To compare the tsunami generated by viscoplastic and granular slides, the parameters in the granular slide test are correlated with those pertaining to the viscoplastic slide test. The results reveal that viscoplastic slides generate larger waves than granular slides, while granular slides generate longer waves than viscoplastic slides.

2018

Experimental study of impulse waves generated by viscoplastic fluid

Zhenzhu Meng

Landslide-generated waves, also called impulse waves, occur as a result of the intrusion of landslides (such as rock falls, debris flows, and avalanches) into bodies of water (such as lakes, reservoirs, and seas). The objective of this thesis was to study the momentum transfer from the slide material to the body of water, in order to develop a better understanding of how the slide material's properties affect the wave generation and to discover alternative modeling approaches to existing empirical equations. Previous experimental studies have usually used blocks and granular materials to mimic natural landslides. However, many landslides in real worlds have been idealized as viscoplastic fluids in theoretical and numerical studies. No studies have used viscoplastic material in experimental studies of landslide-generated waves. The originality of this thesis lies in the use of a viscoplastic material called Carbopol Ultrez 10, an artificial aqueous micro-gel whose rheological behavior can be described using the Herschel-Bulkley model. Carbopol's cohesive and deformable properties are different to both block and granular slides. Further, Carbopol is transparent and can easily be seeded with micro-seeding particles, so its velocity field can be measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). As a comparison of Carbopol, I also used a granular material named polymer-water balls whose density is close to that of Carbopol. The investigations of this thesis are as follows: I conducted two series of experiments. First, I observed waves generated by Carbopol, water balls, and mixtures of them using high-speed cameras, to investigate the role of slide material's properties in wave prediction. Second, I conducted PIV experiments with Carbopol to investigate the internal dynamic of slide-water interaction. (1) I developed a theoretical model that combined the momentum conservation of twophase flow in a control volume (Zitti et al., 2016) and viscoplastic theory (Ancey et al., 2012). With the experimental results obtained from PIV measurements, I analyzed the drag force and hydrostatic force that act on stopping the sliding mass, and validated the theoretical model. (2) I developed empirical equations using the dimensionless groups that emerged from the governing equations to quantify the wave characteristics (for example, maximum wave amplitude and height) as functions of the slide parameters. Using empirical equations, I compared the characteristics of waves generated by cohesive Carbopol and cohesionless water balls, and discussed the effect of slide cohesion on wave generation. (3) Taking advantage of a purely data-driven approach that strictly relies on the dataset and does not need any physical constraints in advance, I applied an artificial neural network method to predict wave characteristics under complex configurations, such as dealing with an experimental dataset with several different slide materials (Carbopol, water balls, and mixtures of them). (4) Using a panel data model called random coefficient model, I predicted the time series data of wave characteristics from the time series data of slide parameters on impact. Given the slide parameters on impact by the viscoplastic theory, the temporal wave characteristics were quantified from the parameters of the slide material at the initial stage (at rest on the slope and then starting to move).

EPFL2020

Toe protection for spill-through and vertical-wall abutments

António Heleno Cardoso, Anton Schleiss

This study addresses the design of riprap aprons as a scour countermeasure near abutments under clear-water conditions. It deals with the lateral extent of riprap aprons and the geometry of the scour hole prevailing at the apron edge. The study applies to riprap aprons acting as granular filters. The scour depth appears to be independent for a sufficiently long relative abutment length. Scour holes develop farther away from spill-through abutments than from vertical-wall abutments; the distance between the point of maximum scour depth and the abutment increases with the relative abutment length. The effect of contraction on this distance was not identified. The angle defining the position of the deepest scour point is close to 308. Neither the abutment shape nor the flow contraction seems to influence the minimum stable apron width.

2010

Experimental study of impulse waves generated by viscoplastic fluid

Zhenzhu Meng

EPFL2020