Trace amineTrace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters. Compared to the classical monoamines, they are present in trace concentrations. They are distributed heterogeneously throughout the mammalian brain and peripheral nervous tissues and exhibit high rates of metabolism.
TyramineLa est un composé chimique organique de type monoamine. Elle peut être synthétisée par les organismes à partir d'un acide aminé, la tyrosine, par décarboxylation. C'est un membre de la famille des phényléthylamines. Elle est largement répandue chez les êtres vivants ; son métabolisme se réalise par la monoamine oxydase. On la retrouve donc dans la nourriture humaine en quantité parfois considérable dans : les viandes : poisson, volaille, bœuf ; les produits fermentés comme la plupart des fromages ; des fruits et légumes : banane, figue, noix de coco, avocat, cacahuète ; les produits dérivés du soja (sauce soja, tofu, soupe miso) ; des boissons alcoolisées comme le vin rouge.
Adrenal medullaThe adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels.
Catechol-O-methyltransferaseCatechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; ) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure. In humans, catechol-O-methyltransferase protein is encoded by the COMT gene. Two isoforms of COMT are produced: the soluble short form (S-COMT) and the membrane bound long form (MB-COMT).
OctopamineOctopamine (molecular formula C8H11NO2; also known as OA, and also norsynephrine, para-octopamine and others) is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized biologically by a homologous pathway. Octopamine is often considered the major "fight-or-flight" neurohormone of invertebrates. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first identified in the salivary glands of the octopus. In many types of invertebrates octopamine is an important neurotransmitter and hormone.
AutorécepteurLes autorécepteurs sont des récepteurs présents sur l'extrémité présynaptique des terminaisons nerveuses. Ils sont impliqués dans la boucle retour lors de la transduction du signal nerveux. Un autorécepteur donné sera uniquement sensibles aux neurotransmetteurs ou hormones libérés par le neurone sur lequel il est situé. vignette|droite|Schéma d'une synapse noradrénergique avec des autorécepteurs.
Area postremaThe area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory neurons that enable its dual role to detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and transduce them into neural signals and networks. Its position adjacent to the bilateral nuclei of the solitary tract and role as a sensory transducer allow it to integrate blood-to-brain autonomic functions.
Pars compactaThe pars compacta (SNpc) is one of two subdivisions of the substantia nigra of the midbrain (the other being the pars reticulata); it is situated medial to the pars reticulata. It is formed by dopaminergic neurons. It projects to the striatum and portions of the cerebral cortex. It is functionally involved in fine motor control. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in this region. In humans, the nerve cell bodies of the pars compacta are coloured black by the pigment neuromelanin.
EndorphineUne endorphine (de l'abréviation endogenous morphine — morphine endogène) est un neuropeptide opioïde endogène, c'est-à-dire un peptide agissant comme un neuromédiateur, produit par le corps, agissant sur les récepteurs opiacés, sans toutefois être chimiquement apparenté aux composés de l'opium. Les endorphines sont sécrétées par le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire chez les vertébrés lors d'activité physique intense, excitation, douleur et orgasme. On les retrouve entre autres dans le cerveau et la moelle épinière ainsi que dans le système digestif.
VMAT2The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. SLC18A2 is an integral membrane protein that transports monoamines—particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine—from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles. In nigrostriatal pathway and mesolimbic pathway dopamine-releasing neurons, SLC18A2 function is also necessary for the vesicular release of the neurotransmitter GABA.
